本期覆盖 2026-07-31 至 2026-08-07，共收录高置信度文章 44 篇，边缘相关 2 篇，待人工核实 29 篇。

本周亮点

亮点 1：Energetic wind-generated near-inertial waves observed in a cyclonic eddy

期刊：JPO ｜ DOI：https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-24-0199.1

English summary

This study presents rare observations of wind-generated near-inertial waves (NIWs) within a cyclonic eddy (CE) in the northwestern Pacific, captured by subsurface moorings during Typhoon Sanvu. Unlike previous studies that focused on anticyclonic eddies, this work reveals that the CE’s repelling effect and shallow mixed layer confine NIW energy to the upper 80 meters, limiting vertical penetration. The findings challenge existing assumptions about NIW propagation in cyclonic eddies and highlight the role of eddy dynamics in modulating energy transfer from winds to the ocean interior.

中文解读

本研究展示了在西北太平洋一个气旋涡（CE）内由台风Sanvu产生的风生近惯性波（NIWs）的罕见观测。与以往关注反气旋涡的研究不同，本工作揭示CE的排斥效应和浅混合层将NIW能量限制在上层80米，限制了垂直穿透。这些发现挑战了关于气旋涡中NIW传播的现有假设，并强调了涡旋动力学在调节风能向海洋内部传递中的作用。

亮点 2：Evidence of Surface Wave Reduction by Hurricane-Generated Ocean Currents

期刊：JPO ｜ DOI：https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-25-0282.1

English summary

This study validates a recent modeling hypothesis that hurricane-generated ocean currents can significantly reduce surface wave height and peak period. By comparing drifting buoy observations with simulations from a stand-alone wave model and a coupled ocean-wave model for four hurricanes, the authors confirm that when current effects are strong, the coupled model better reproduces observed wave parameters. This work provides observational evidence for the importance of air-sea coupling in extreme weather conditions and has implications for improving wave forecasts during tropical cyclones.

中文解读

本研究验证了近期一个建模假设，即飓风产生的海流能显著降低有效波高和峰值周期。通过将漂流浮标观测与独立波浪模型和耦合海洋-波浪模型对四个飓风的模拟进行比较，作者确认当海流影响强烈时，耦合模型能更好地再现观测到的波浪参数。这项工作为极端天气条件下海气耦合的重要性提供了观测证据，并对改进热带气旋期间的波浪预报具有重要意义。

文章详览

1. JPO — Energetic wind-generated near-inertial waves observed in a cyclonic eddy

Abstract

Abstract The propagation of wind-generated near-inertial waves (NIWs) is well-documented in anticyclonic eddies (ACEs), but remains rarely reported in cyclonic eddies (CEs). Here, subsurface mooring observations in the northwestern Pacific captured two distinct NIW packets (WP1 and WP2) generated by Typhoon Sanvu within a CE. In the typhoon’s wake, WP1 was confined to the upper 80 m, with little energy penetrating deeper despite strong wind forcing. A linear internal wave model and ray-tracing experiments suggest that the shallow mixed layer and the repelling effect of the CE favor lateral propagation of near-inertial energy rather than downward penetration. About two weeks later, WP2 emerged at 450–900 m depth with a velocity amplitude of 0.3 m/s and persisted for nearly one month. Wind work and WKB-scaled near-inertial kinetic energy indicate that WP2 was decoupled from local surface energy and unrelated to WP1. Spectral and modal analyses show that WP2 had the characteristics of low-mode and long-range-propagating NIWs. Ray-tracing and dynamical analyses suggest a plausible remote-source interpretation for WP2, in which it may have originated from a remote cyclonic region 250–350 km away and reached the mooring along a pathway modulated by mesoscale eddies. However, because the present analysis does not resolve the wave packet’s horizontal extent, spatial inhomogeneity of NIW energy may also affect the mooring observations and thus the interpretation of the decay of WP1, the later arrival of WP2, and the apparent lack of downward-moving energy between them. These results highlight the complexity of NIW propagation in eddy-rich environments.

中文摘要

摘要 风生近惯性波（NIWs）在反气旋涡（ACEs）中的传播已有充分记录，但在气旋涡（CEs）中的传播却鲜有报道。本文中，西北太平洋的次表层系泊观测捕捉到了台风“桑瓦”在一个气旋涡内产生的两个不同的近惯性波波包（WP1和WP2）。在台风尾迹中，WP1局限于80米以上的上层，尽管风力强迫强烈，但很少有能量向深层穿透。线性内波模型和射线追踪实验表明，浅混合层及气旋涡的排斥效应有利于近惯性能量的水平传播，而非向下穿透。约两周后，WP2在450至900米深度出现，速度振幅为0.3米/秒，并持续了近一个月。风做功和WKB尺度化的近惯性动能表明，WP2与局地表面能量脱耦，且与WP1无关。谱分析和模态分析显示，WP2具有低模态和长距离传播的近惯性波特征。射线追踪和动力学分析为WP2提供了一个合理的远源解释，即其可能起源于250至350公里外的遥远气旋区域，并沿由中尺度涡调节的路径到达系泊点。然而，由于本分析未能解析波包的水平范围，近惯性波能量的空间不均匀性也可能影响系泊观测，从而影响对WP1衰减、WP2延迟到达以及两者之间明显缺乏向下传播能量的解释。这些结果凸显了在涡旋丰富环境中近惯性波传播的复杂性。

2. JGR: Oceans — Seasonal Forecasts of pH and Aragonite Saturation for the Bering Sea Shelf

Abstract

Abstract The number of numerical model forecasts of ocean environmental conditions has greatly expanded in recent years, including biogeochemical variables. Forecasts can provide marine resource managers with advance warning of extreme events such as heatwaves and hypoxia, though forecast products are scarcer in high‐latitude environments. The Bering Sea shelf is a large marine ecosystem that supports critical commercial, cultural, and subsistence ecosystem services that are vulnerable to extreme events and anthropogenic stressors such as ocean acidification (OA). Here, we use a regional oceanographic model of the Bering Sea to assess model forecast skill in predicting bottom water pH and aragonite saturation state (Ω arag ) on lead times from 1 to 9 months. We simulate 28 years (1982–2010) of 3‐member ensemble retrospective forecasts, initialized both in April and May following the retreat of winter sea ice and several months in advance of early fall when the most acidic bottom water conditions occur. The results suggest that the model is skillful (anomaly correlation coefficients > 0.5) in forecasting shelf‐wide anomalies in bottom water pH and Ω arag , on lead times up to 9 months owing primarily to strong persistence. However, predictive skill for finer scale spatial anomalies is more limited and variable. Model forecast skill is also strong in Bristol Bay, home to the red king crab fishery that has faced recent closures and is threatened by OA. The model forecasts presented here can provide several months advanced notice for acidified water conditions and bolster a suite of products used to support evidence‐based fisheries management.

中文摘要

摘要 近年来，海洋环境条件的数值模型预报数量大幅增加，包括生物地球化学变量。预报可为海洋资源管理者提供极端事件（如热浪和缺氧）的预警，尽管在高纬度环境中预报产品较为稀缺。白令海陆架是一个大型海洋生态系统，支撑着重要的商业、文化和生计性生态系统服务，这些服务易受极端事件和海洋酸化（OA）等人为压力的影响。在此，我们利用白令海区域海洋学模型，评估其在1至9个月提前期内预测底层水pH和文石饱和状态（Ω arag ）的模型预报技能。我们模拟了1982年至2010年间28年的3成员集合回顾性预报，分别在冬季海冰消退后的4月和5月初始化，并提前于早秋（此时底层水酸性最强条件出现）数月。结果表明，该模型在预测陆架范围内底层水pH和Ω arag 异常方面具有技能（异常相关系数>0.5），提前期可达9个月，主要归因于强烈的持续性。然而，对于更小尺度的空间异常，预测技能较为有限且多变。模型预报技能在布里斯托尔湾也表现强劲，该地区是红帝王蟹渔业的所在地，该渔业近期面临关闭，并受到海洋酸化的威胁。本文提出的模型预报可为酸化水条件提供数月的提前预警，并增强用于支持基于证据的渔业管理的一系列产品。

3. JGR: Oceans — Predicting Algal Bloom Dynamics From Coastal Turbidity Front Movements Using Satellite Data and Numerical Modeling in Tide‐Dominated Coasts

  • 作者：Changpeng Li, Zhao Zhang, Bangyi Tao, Min Bao, Yang Ding, Zhibing Jiang, Qicheng Meng, Yang Zhang, Huidi Liang, Liansong Liang, Shugang Zhang, Miao Zhang, Delu Pan, Haiqing Huang
  • 发表日期：2026-08-01
  • DOI：https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jc023975

Abstract

Abstract Algal bloom predictions remain challenging in coastal regions such as the East China Sea (ECS) because of limited in situ observations and inaccurate chlorophyll– a numerical predictions. Along tide–dominated coasts, phytoplankton growth is primarily light limited in summer because of tide–induced high turbidity. Satellite observations reveal that the optimal phytoplankton growth conditions occur exactly at the outer edges of turbidity fronts where light availability and nutrients converge, facilitating the formation of bloom initiation zones. Algal blooms generally expand coastward with the shoreward movement of turbidity fronts and dissipate as these fronts recede offshore. A U–Net based turbidity prediction model for ECS coasts was developed via numerical modeling of tidal data and satellite–derived turbidity data. This model could accurately predict the movements and offshore distances of turbidity fronts and could provide algal bloom dynamics 1–2 days in advance. This study provides new insights for early warning of algal blooms along tidal–dominated coasts.

中文摘要

摘要 在东海等沿海区域，藻华预测仍具挑战性，原因在于现场观测数据有限及叶绿素a数值预测不准确。在潮汐主导的海岸，夏季浮游植物生长主要受光照限制，因潮汐引起的高浊度。卫星观测显示，浮游植物最佳生长条件恰位于浊度锋外缘，此处光照与营养盐汇聚，有利于形成藻华起始区。藻华通常随浊度锋向岸移动而向岸扩展，并随锋面离岸后退而消散。基于数值模拟潮汐数据和卫星反演浊度数据，开发了适用于东海海岸的U-Net浊度预测模型。该模型能准确预测浊度锋的移动及离岸距离，并能提前1-2天提供藻华动态。本研究为潮汐主导海岸的藻华预警提供了新见解。

4. JGR: Oceans — Nonlinear Kinematic Depth Inversion Coupled With a Spectral Wave Model

Abstract

Abstract We present a bidirectional coupling between a nonlinear kinematic depth inversion method and a phase‐averaged spectral wave model to evaluate the influence of wave nonlinearity over gently sloping nearshore bathymetry. Time‐resolved wave imagery provides spatially varying frequency–wavenumber fields, whereas the simulated significant wave height field supplies a measure of amplitude dispersion. These data are integrated to quantify an effective nonlinearity parameter across contrasting wave energy conditions, encompassing both calm and energetic states. Particular attention is given to the shoaling region and the inner surf zone under spilling type breaking, where amplitude effects and depth‐induced dissipation significantly modify the dispersion characteristics. Comparisons between the proposed nonlinear depth inversion and independently surveyed bathymetry show that neglecting nonlinearity produces a systematic depth overestimation that scales with the local nonlinearity, whereas addressing nonlinearity reduces this bias by as much as 90%. Video‐derived surface motion retains identifiable dispersive signatures after the onset of spilling type breaking, enabling depth inversion when wave nonlinearity is addressed. This remains valid until breaking‐generated foam becomes sufficiently dense that the resulting noise level becomes comparable to the wave signal. The analysis shows that video‐derived wave kinematics and bathymetry, when interpreted with a calibrated spectral wave model, provide a consistent description of the nonlinear transformation of shoaling and breaking waves. It also identifies the parameter ranges in which linear depth inversion becomes less reliable under field conditions.

中文摘要

摘要 我们提出了一种非线性运动学深度反演方法与相位平均谱波模型之间的双向耦合，以评估波浪非线性对缓坡近岸水深地形的影响。时间分辨波浪影像提供了空间变化的频率-波数场，而模拟的有效波高场则提供了振幅频散的度量。这些数据被整合以量化在对比波浪能量条件下（涵盖平静和高能状态）的有效非线性参数。特别关注了破波带内的浅化区域和内部碎波带，其中振幅效应和深度引起的耗散显著改变了频散特性。所提出的非线性深度反演与独立测量的水深地形之间的比较表明，忽略非线性会导致系统性的水深高估，其程度与局部非线性成比例，而考虑非线性则可将这一偏差减少高达90%。在溢碎型破碎开始后，视频衍生的表面运动仍保留可识别的频散特征，使得在考虑波浪非线性时能够进行深度反演。这一有效性持续到破碎产生的泡沫足够密集，以至于由此产生的噪声水平与波浪信号相当为止。分析表明，当使用校准的谱波模型进行解释时，视频衍生的波浪运动学和水深地形能够提供对浅化和破碎波浪非线性变换的一致描述。同时，它也确定了在现场条件下线性深度反演变得不太可靠的参数范围。

5. JGR: Oceans — Isotopic Evidence for Microbial Black Carbon Formation in Methane‐Rich Sediments of the South China Sea

Abstract

Abstract Black carbon (BC), a refractory component of organic carbon, exhibits poorly constrained environmental behavior. Recent culture experiments suggested anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) produce BC via anaerobic oxidation of methane, a pathway supported by studies of seep carbonates — mineral deposits restricted to settings characterized by high methane flux. However, it remains unconfirmed in sediments with low methane flux, settings that are far more widespread in the global ocean. Here, we examine BC distribution and δ 13 C BC values in two seepage‐influenced sediment cores (PC‐01, PC‐02) and a reference core (C‐S05) from the Haima seeps in the South China Sea. Core PC‐01, influenced by higher methane flux, shows significantly 13 C‐depleted BC (−28.9‰ to −25.4‰) at the sulfate‐methane transition zone compared to global non‐seep sediments (−26.4‰ to −10.9‰). Furthermore, not all seepage‐affected sediments exhibit this signal, as demonstrated by core PC‐02. This discrepancy is likely governed by site‐specific variations in methane flux. Consequently, when methane flux is low, the limited production of ANME‐derived BC is insufficient to measurably shift the isotopic signature of the bulk BC pool. A Bayesian mixing model estimates that ANME‐derived BC accounts for ∼6.3% of the total BC at core PC‐01. Although quantitatively minor, ANME‐derived BC may represent a previously overlooked source of potentially aged BC in marine environments, consistent with microbial BC production in methane‐rich sediments.

中文摘要

摘要 黑碳（BC）作为有机碳中的难降解组分，其环境行为尚不明确。近期的培养实验提示，厌氧甲烷氧化古菌（ANME）可通过甲烷的厌氧氧化产生黑碳，这一途径得到了对渗漏碳酸盐岩——仅限于高甲烷通量环境中的矿物沉积——研究的支持。然而，在甲烷通量较低、在全球海洋中分布更为广泛的沉积物中，这一机制尚未得到证实。本研究考察了南海海马冷泉区两个受渗漏影响的沉积物柱状样（PC-01、PC-02）及一个参考柱状样（C-S05）中黑碳的分布及其δ¹³C值。受较高甲烷通量影响的PC-01柱状样，在硫酸盐-甲烷过渡带显示出显著¹³C贫化的黑碳（−28.9‰至−25.4‰），相较于全球非渗漏沉积物（−26.4‰至−10.9‰）。此外，并非所有受渗漏影响的沉积物均表现出此信号，如PC-02柱状样所示。这一差异可能受控于各站点甲烷通量的特定变化。当甲烷通量较低时，ANME来源黑碳的有限产生不足以显著改变总黑碳库的同位素特征。贝叶斯混合模型估算，在PC-01柱状样中，ANME来源黑碳约占总黑碳的6.3%。尽管数量上占比较小，ANME来源黑碳可能代表了海洋环境中一个先前被忽视的潜在老化黑碳来源，这与甲烷富集沉积物中微生物产生黑碳的机制相吻合。

6. JGR: Oceans — Benguela Upwelling Filaments Are a Significant Pathway of New Nutrients to the South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre

  • 作者：Angèle Nicolas, Cláudio Cardoso, Haoran Liu, Li Qiu, Paulo H. R. Calil, Marcus Dengler, Eric P. Achterberg, Thomas J. Browning
  • 发表日期：2026-08-01
  • DOI：https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jc023157

Abstract

Abstract In the transition zones between eastern boundary upwelling regions and subtropical gyres, upwelling and offshore moving filaments generated by frontal instabilities play an important role in the gyre‐ward transport of new nutrients and phytoplankton biomass. However, quantification of such transport using field data remains sparse. Here we used a combination of remote sensing, in situ biogeochemical data and surface ocean velocity measurements to describe the distribution and transport of nutrients and chlorophyll‐a in two filaments in the Benguela upwelling system of the Southeast Atlantic Ocean. Nitrate and chlorophyll‐a concentrations were enhanced up to 100 and 10‐fold, respectively, in filaments compared to surrounding waters. Our estimations reveal that a single upwelling filament can export of up to 18 μmol m −2 d −1 of nitrate and 38 tonnes of chlorophyll‐a biomass daily from the upwelling system to the subtropical gyre. This represents up to 2%–5% of the daily nitrogen supply required to sustain new primary production in the gyre.

中文摘要

摘要在东部边界上升流区域与亚热带涡旋之间的过渡带中，由锋面不稳定性产生的上升流和离岸移动的丝状体，在新营养物质和浮游植物生物量向涡旋方向的输送中扮演着重要角色。然而，利用现场数据对此类输送进行量化研究仍然稀少。本研究结合遥感、现场生物地球化学数据和表层海洋流速测量，描述了东南大西洋本格拉上升流系统中两个丝状体内营养物质和叶绿素a的分布及输送情况。与周围水域相比，丝状体中的硝酸盐和叶绿素a浓度分别增加了高达100倍和10倍。我们的估算表明，单个上升流丝状体每天可向亚热带涡旋输出高达18微摩尔每平方米每天的硝酸盐和38吨叶绿素a生物量。这相当于维持涡旋内新初级生产力所需日氮供应量的2%至5%。

7. JGR: Oceans — Contrasting Structure and Transport Characteristics of Surface‐ and Subsurface‐Intensified Eddies in the Southeastern Indian Ocean

Abstract

Abstract Surface‐intensified and subsurface‐intensified eddies are two types of mesoscale eddies with distinct vertical structures, suggesting that they may play different roles in oceanic transport. However, our understanding of their structure and transport characteristics in the Southeastern Indian Ocean (SEIO) remains insufficient. Utilizing GLORYS12V1 reanalysis data, this study investigates the three‐dimensional structure of eddies in the SEIO. We find that subsurface‐intensified eddies occur more frequently at higher latitudes and exhibit longer lifespans with pronounced meridional displacements. Their surface temperature and salinity anomalies commonly display a dipole structure, whereas those of surface‐intensified eddies are mainly monopolar. Estimates of eddy‐induced transport indicate that surface‐intensified anticyclonic eddies and subsurface‐intensified cyclonic eddies are the major contributors to the meridional eddy‐induced heat transport in the SEIO. The 10‐year mean transports show that surface‐intensified anticyclonic eddies dominate the poleward heat transport at lower latitudes, reaching ∼17 TW near 27°S, whereas subsurface‐intensified cyclonic eddies dominate the equatorward transport at higher latitudes, reaching ∼16 TW near 42°S. This high‐latitude equatorward transport deviates from the expectation of gradient diffusion theory. An asymmetry decomposition further reveals that eddy velocity, tracer, and shape asymmetries substantially contribute to the direction and magnitude of net transport, highlighting the need to incorporate eddy vertical structure and internal asymmetry into parameterizations of eddy‐induced transport.

中文摘要

摘要 表面强化涡旋和次表层强化涡旋是两类具有不同垂直结构的中尺度涡旋，暗示它们在海洋输运中可能扮演不同角色。然而，我们对东南印度洋（SEIO）中这些涡旋的结构和输运特征的认识仍显不足。利用GLORYS12V1再分析数据，本研究调查了SEIO中涡旋的三维结构。我们发现，次表层强化涡旋在高纬度地区出现更为频繁，寿命更长，并伴有显著的经向位移。其表面温度和盐度异常通常呈现偶极子结构，而表面强化涡旋的异常则主要为单极子结构。对涡致输运的估算表明，表面强化反气旋涡旋和次表层强化气旋涡旋是SEIO中经向涡致热输运的主要贡献者。十年平均输运结果显示，表面强化反气旋涡旋在低纬度地区主导向极热输运，在27°S附近达到约17太瓦（TW），而次表层强化气旋涡旋在高纬度地区主导向赤道输运，在42°S附近达到约16太瓦（TW）。这种高纬度向赤道输运偏离了梯度扩散理论的预期。不对称性分解进一步揭示，涡旋速度、示踪物及形状的不对称性对净输运的方向和大小有显著贡献，强调在涡致输运参数化中需纳入涡旋垂直结构和内部不对称性。

8. JGR: Oceans — Preconditioning of Polynya Formation by Ocean Mixing at Maud Rise, Antarctica

  • 作者：Xingchi Wang, Xingchi Wang, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Bieito Fernández Castro, Xin Wang, Xin Wang, Sebastiaan Swart, Marcel Du Plessis, Aditya Narayanan, Alessandro Silvano, Louis Clément, Margaret Lindeman
  • 发表日期：2026-07-31
  • DOI：https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jc023554

Abstract

Abstract Antarctic open‐ocean polynyas trigger vigorous wintertime convection, influencing ocean circulation and atmospheric processes. In the Weddell Sea, interaction between the Weddell Gyre and the Maud Rise seamount generates a Taylor column that favors polynya formation. However, owing to limited observations, the dynamics of such polynya formation remain partially understood, particularly the long‐term preconditioning that sets the stage for polynya occurrence. We use glider observations from late austral summer 2022 to investigate the role of mixing in preconditioning, focusing on the interior layer below the pycnocline, which stores heat that melts sea ice and regulates deep convection. We show that multiple mixing processes contribute to the preconditioning. Widespread interleaving structures along the northwestern flank of Maud Rise are identified, indicating that warm, salty water intrudes into the Taylor column along isopycnals. This intrusion is likely driven by lateral shear and eddies, both arising from the flank’s anticyclonic circulation. Moreover, eddy shedding, cabbeling, and diffusive convection jointly enhance lateral homogenization and destratification of the Taylor column interior below the pycnocline. Using the large eddy method and a triple decomposition of the tracer variance equation, we calculate snapshot‐based along‐isopycnal heat and salt transports from the Rise flanks into the Taylor column as ∼0.18 TW and ∼, respectively. At these rates, idealized estimates suggest that polynya‐favorable conditions could develop within 2–6 years of the observations. Our results highlight the role of mixing in polynya formation and the need to realistically represent these processes in climate‐scale ocean models.

中文摘要

摘要 南极开阔大洋冰间湖会引发剧烈的冬季对流，影响海洋环流和大气过程。在威德尔海，威德尔环流与毛德隆起海山之间的相互作用产生了一个泰勒柱，有利于冰间湖的形成。然而，由于观测资料有限，此类冰间湖形成的动力学机制仍未完全明了，尤其是为冰间湖发生奠定基础的长期预条件过程。我们利用2022年夏末的滑翔机观测数据，研究混合在预条件中的作用，重点关注密度跃层以下的内层，该层储存热量，可融化海冰并调节深层对流。我们表明，多种混合过程共同促成了预条件。在毛德隆起西北翼识别出广泛的交错层结构，表明暖咸水沿等密度面侵入泰勒柱。这种侵入可能由侧向剪切和涡旋驱动，两者均源于隆起翼部的反气旋环流。此外，涡旋脱落、增密效应和扩散对流共同增强了泰勒柱内密度跃层以下的侧向均质化和去层化。利用大涡方法和示踪方差方程的三重分解，我们计算出从隆起翼部进入泰勒柱的沿等密度面热量和盐量输送快照值分别约为0.18太瓦和约。按这些速率，理想化估算表明，冰间湖有利条件可能在观测后的2至6年内形成。我们的结果强调了混合在冰间湖形成中的作用，以及在气候尺度海洋模式中真实表征这些过程的必要性。

9. JGR: Oceans — Co‐Intensification of the East Asian Winter Monsoon and ENSO During the Mid‐Holocene Transition: Coral Evidence From the Northern South China Sea

Abstract

Abstract Reconstructing the interactions between El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) during the mid‐to late‐Holocene transition is essential for understanding internal climate variability. We present a monthly resolved coral Sr/Ca–derived sea surface temperature (SST) record from the northern South China Sea spanning 3854–3800 years before present (BP). Our results indicate that the region was ∼3.6°C cooler with significantly amplified seasonality. The high‐frequency interannual winter SST variability was ∼54% higher than modern levels, robustly indicating substantially intensified winter cooling, likely driven by enhanced EAWM cold surges. Concurrently, interannual ENSO variance was amplified by ∼57% relative to a modern comparative baseline. Synthesizing paleoclimate records across the tropical Pacific confirms this period marked a transition from a La Niña‐to an El Niño‐like mean state during 4400–3700 years BP. Rather than a one‐way driver, we propose a synergistic ocean‐atmosphere reorganization. Orbitally induced high‐latitude background cooling and the African Humid Period termination collectively favored both an intensified EAWM and shifted tropical Pacific conditions. Within this framework, the EAWM functioned as a dynamic amplifier: frequent cold surges facilitated extreme El Niño events, which progressively shifted the long‐term Pacific mean state through non‐linear rectification. Ultimately, this co‐evolution provides a mechanistic context for the widespread climatic disruptions associated with the 4.2 ka event.

中文摘要

摘要 重建全新世中晚期过渡期间厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（ENSO）与东亚冬季风（EAWM）之间的相互作用，对于理解内部气候变率至关重要。我们提供了来自南海北部、分辨率为月度的珊瑚Sr/Ca-derived海表温度（SST）记录，时间跨度为距今3854–3800年。结果表明，该区域当时温度约低3.6°C，且季节性显著增强。高频的年际冬季SST变率比现代水平高出约54%，有力地指示了冬季降温显著加剧，这很可能由增强的EAWM冷涌驱动。同时，相对于现代对比基线，年际ENSO方差放大了约57%。综合热带太平洋的古气候记录证实，这一时期标志着4400–3700年前从拉尼娜型平均态向厄尔尼诺型平均态的转变。我们提出，这并非单向驱动，而是海洋-大气协同重组的结果。轨道驱动的高纬度背景冷却和非洲湿润期结束共同促进了EAWM的增强和热带太平洋条件的转变。在此框架下，EAWM充当了动态放大器：频繁的冷涌促进了极端厄尔尼诺事件的发生，通过非线性整流作用逐步改变了太平洋长期平均态。最终，这种协同演化为我们理解与4.2千年事件相关的广泛气候扰动提供了机制背景。

10. JPO — Evidence of Surface Wave Reduction by Hurricane-Generated Ocean Currents

  • 作者：Angelos Papandreou, Isaac Ginis, Tetsu Hara, Jacob Davis, Isabel Houghton, Jim Thomson, Martha Schonau, Luca Centurioni
  • 发表日期：2026-08-01
  • DOI：https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-25-0282.1

Abstract

Abstract A recent modeling study using idealized tropical cyclones concluded that storm-induced surface currents can significantly reduce the significant wave height (Hs) and peak period (Tp) of surface waves. In the present study, we validate that conclusion by comparing drifting buoy observations with model simulations using a stand-alone wave model and a coupled ocean–wave model that includes current effects, for four hurricanes. When the impact of currents is small, predictions of Hs and Tp by both models closely match observations. However, when strong current effects are present, simulations that exclude currents systematically overestimate both wave parameters, while including currents leads to a significant improvement in model performance, reducing mean bias by a factor of 2 or more. These results provide strong evidence that Hs and Tp are frequently reduced by storm-induced currents under tropical cyclones. Our analysis also shows that these current effects are most pronounced in deep water but remain substantial in intermediate depths (20–70 m), where most of the observations in this study were collected. Incorporating storm-driven currents into wave forecasts can therefore greatly enhance prediction accuracy and has important implications for operational forecasting and coastal hazard assessments.

中文摘要

摘要 一项近期采用理想化热带气旋的模拟研究指出，风暴引起的表层海流可显著降低表面波的有效波高（Hs）和谱峰周期（Tp）。本研究通过对比四个飓风期间的漂流浮标观测数据与使用独立波浪模型及包含海流效应的耦合海洋-波浪模型的模拟结果，验证了这一结论。当海流影响较小时，两种模型对Hs和Tp的预测与观测高度吻合。然而，在强海流效应存在的情况下，未考虑海流的模拟系统性地高估了这两个波浪参数，而纳入海流则显著提升了模型性能，使平均偏差减少两倍或更多。这些结果有力证明，在热带气旋条件下，风暴诱导的海流经常导致Hs和Tp降低。分析还表明，这些海流效应在深水区最为显著，但在中等深度（20-70米）仍保持重要影响，而本研究的大部分观测正是在此深度范围内收集的。因此，将风暴驱动海流纳入波浪预报可大幅提高预测精度，对业务化预报和沿海灾害评估具有重要意义。

11. JPO — Shear-Flow Instability of Wind-Wave Coupling: Numerical Solutions Compared to Observations

Abstract

Abstract This paper investigates wave growth rates and wave-coherent airflow by numerically solving the Rayleigh equation and comparing the numerical solutions to field data collected at the Air–Sea Interaction Tower located south of Martha’s Vineyard under high wind conditions. The numerical analysis considers 10-m wind speeds from 2 to 21 m s −1 and wavelengths from 0.1 cm to 200 m. Growth rates from the numerical solutions show reasonable agreement with a commonly used parameterization. For wavelengths shorter than the most unstable modes, surface pressure lags the wave crest by less than 90°, whereas for field-scale wavelengths (>10 m), surface pressure lags the wave crest by 110°–160°. The phases are nearly independent of height, consistent with past field observations. The wave-coherent pressure profiles for each wavenumber resemble an exponential decay far from the surface but decay less steeply within half a wavelength above the surface. For 10-m wind speed U 10 = 16–22 m s −1 and frequency f = 0.15–0.25 Hz, the comparison between the numerical solutions and observations at 7- and 10-m heights for wave-coherent pressure and vertical velocity shows reasonable agreement. Integrating momentum flux over all wavenumbers at each measurement height, we show that at a height of 1 m, the wave-driven momentum fluxes are on the order of 1% of the total turbulent flux.

中文摘要

摘要 本文通过数值求解Rayleigh方程，并将数值解与在马萨葡萄园岛南部海气相互作用塔高风条件下收集的现场数据进行比较，研究了波浪增长率及波浪相干气流。数值分析考虑了10米高度风速从2至21米每秒，波长范围从0.1厘米至200米。数值解得到的增长率与常用参数化方法显示出合理的一致性。对于比最不稳定模态短的波长，表面压力滞后于波峰小于90°，而对于现场尺度波长（>10米），表面压力滞后于波峰110°至160°。相位几乎不随高度变化，这与过去的现场观测一致。每个波数的波浪相干压力剖面在远离表面时近似指数衰减，但在表面以上半个波长内衰减较缓。对于10米风速U10=16–22米每秒和频率f=0.15–0.25赫兹，数值解与7米和10米高度处波浪相干压力和垂直速度的观测值比较显示出合理的一致性。通过在每个测量高度对所有波数积分动量通量，我们表明在1米高度处，波浪驱动的动量通量约为总湍流通量的1%。

12. JPO — Revisiting the Frictional Control of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current from the Energy Diagram

Abstract

Abstract The transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) has been shown to increase with friction. Previous studies explained this counterintuitive relationship called frictional control based on the eddy geometric parameterizations. They focused on the eddy momentum transfer and eddy energetics. To maintain the balance between wind stress and eddy interfacial form stress, eddy energy must remain unchanged as friction increases; this requires enhanced baroclinicity to compensate for stronger eddy energy dissipation. However, the independence of eddy energy has not been fully verified, and this interpretation assumes negligible barotropic energy conversion. To address this gap, we conduct sensitivity experiments in an idealized stratified reentrant channel with varying linear bottom drag. Numerical simulations show that eddy energy changes substantially with friction. Furthermore, in the high-drag regime, baroclinic energy conversion dominates eddy energy generation, whereas in the low-drag regime, barotropic energy conversion contributes substantially. Despite these differences, baroclinicity increases with eddy energy dissipation across all regimes, although the relationship is somewhat weak in the low-drag regime owing to barotropic energy conversion. To explain this phenomenon, we extend the frictional control framework based on the Lorenz energy cycle. A simple scaling argument leads to a generalized frictional control, s ∼ D ( E )/ τ w , where s is the baroclinicity, D ( E ) is the eddy energy dissipation, and τ w is the wind stress. This framework provides a natural extension of the existing framework and successfully explains the numerical results. These results indicate that eddy dissipation controls the baroclinicity; therefore, properly parameterizing the eddy dissipation rate is essential for representing ACC dynamics in ocean models.

中文摘要

摘要 南极绕极流（ACC）的输运已被证明随摩擦增加而增强。以往研究基于涡旋几何参数化解释了这一反直觉关系，称为摩擦控制，并聚焦于涡旋动量传输和涡旋能量学。为维持风应力与涡旋界面形态应力之间的平衡，随着摩擦增加，涡旋能量必须保持不变；这要求增强斜压性以补偿更强的涡旋能量耗散。然而，涡旋能量的独立性尚未得到充分验证，且该解释假设正压能量转换可忽略不计。为弥补这一空白，我们在理想化分层再入通道中开展敏感性实验，变化线性底摩擦。数值模拟显示，涡旋能量随摩擦显著变化。此外，在高阻力 regime 中，斜压能量转换主导涡旋能量生成，而在低阻力 regime 中，正压能量转换贡献显著。尽管存在这些差异，斜压性在所有 regime 中均随涡旋能量耗散增加而增强，尽管在低阻力 regime 中由于正压能量转换，这一关系略显薄弱。为解释此现象，我们基于洛伦兹能量循环扩展了摩擦控制框架。一个简单的尺度论证导出了广义摩擦控制关系，s ∼ D ( E )/ τ w ，其中 s 为斜压性，D ( E ) 为涡旋能量耗散，τ w 为风应力。该框架自然扩展了现有理论，并成功解释了数值结果。这些结果表明，涡旋耗散控制斜压性；因此，在海洋模式中恰当参数化涡旋耗散率对于表征ACC动力学至关重要。

13. JPO — Revisiting the SST–Heat Flux Feedback Parameter at Midlatitudes: The Potential Uncertainty Associated with Heat Flux Discrepancies

Abstract

Abstract The response of air–sea turbulent heat flux (THF) anomalies to sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies is represented by the SST–heat flux feedback parameter. The magnitude of parameter alpha is typically estimated as 30 W m −2 K −1 at midlatitudes. However, the robust quantification of alpha is restricted by substantial uncertainties in THF products, which impedes an accurate understanding of air–sea interactions. Here, we estimate the uncertainty in alpha by combining theoretical sensitivity experiments, Monte Carlo experiments, and constraints from multiproduct and in situ buoy observations. The results of the theoretical experiments indicate that prescribed THF perturbations of 20–30 W m −2 can cause systematic biases of ∼7–15 W m −2 K −1 in magnitude. Analysis based on Monte Carlo experiments reveals that the air–sea specific humidity difference dominates the variance in alpha, with the upper bound of the ensemble standard deviation under identical perturbations reaching ∼12 W m −2 K −1 , whereas the contributions from the wind speed and air–sea temperature difference are relatively small. These results are confirmed by the multiproduct and in situ buoy observations. Moreover, differences among bulk flux algorithms can result in additional algorithm-induced uncertainties ranging from ∼6 to 9 W m −2 K −1 in alpha estimates. Our findings demonstrate that uncertainties in the THF can substantially propagate into SST–heat flux feedback estimates, thus highlighting the need to better constrain near-surface humidity and THF parameterizations to improve representations of air–sea coupling and climate variability. Significance Statement Air–sea turbulent heat flux (THF) feedback reflects the sensitivity of ocean–atmosphere heat exchange to sea surface temperature (SST) changes, but its commonly cited strength at midlatitudes remains difficult to constrain because of high uncertainties in THF estimates. This study investigated how uncertainty in the THF affects our ability to estimate this feedback. The results indicate that 20–30 W m −2 THF uncertainties can induce ∼7–15 W m −2 K −1 feedback biases, with the air–sea specific humidity difference serving as the dominant source. Moreover, differences among bulk flux algorithms introduce additional uncertainties of ∼6–9 W m −2 K −1 . Our results emphasize the importance of improving observations and models of near-surface humidity for understanding and predicting climate variability.

中文摘要

摘要 海气湍流热通量（THF）异常对海表温度（SST）异常的响应由SST-热通量反馈参数表示。参数α的大小在中纬度通常估计为30 W m⁻² K⁻¹。然而，THF产品中的显著不确定性限制了对α的稳健量化，这阻碍了对海气相互作用的准确理解。本研究通过结合理论敏感性实验、蒙特卡洛实验以及多产品和现场浮标观测的约束，估算了α的不确定性。理论实验结果表明，预设的THF扰动为20–30 W m⁻²时，可导致约7–15 W m⁻² K⁻¹的系统性偏差。基于蒙特卡洛实验的分析揭示，海气比湿差主导了α的方差，在相同扰动下，集合标准差的上限可达约12 W m⁻² K⁻¹，而风速和海气温差的贡献相对较小。这些结果得到了多产品和现场浮标观测的证实。此外，体感通量算法之间的差异可能导致α估计中额外的算法诱导不确定性，范围约为6至9 W m⁻² K⁻¹。我们的发现表明，THF的不确定性可显著传播至SST-热通量反馈估计中，从而强调需要更好地约束近地表湿度和THF参数化，以改进海气耦合和气候变率的表征。意义声明 海气湍流热通量（THF）反馈反映了海洋-大气热交换对海表温度（SST）变化的敏感性，但由于THF估计的高不确定性，其在中纬度常被引用的强度仍难以约束。本研究探讨了THF不确定性如何影响我们估计这一反馈的能力。结果表明，20–30 W m⁻²的THF不确定性可导致约7–15 W m⁻² K⁻¹的反馈偏差，其中海气比湿差是主要来源。此外，体感通量算法之间的差异引入了约6–9 W m⁻² K⁻¹的额外不确定性。我们的结果强调了改进近地表湿度观测和模型对于理解和预测气候变率的重要性。

14. JPO — Full-Depth Scale-Dependent Eddy Diffusivities in the Kuroshio Extension

Abstract

Abstract In eddy-permitting models, only mixing induced by unresolved subgrid-scale eddies needs to be parameterized. Therefore, it is essential to study the diffusivity induced by eddies with spatial scales smaller than a separation scale L * , i.e., scale-specific eddy diffusivity. Using Lagrangian particle trajectories from a high-resolution model solution [Massachusetts Institute of Technology General Circulation Model (MITgcm) latitude–longitude–polar cap (LLC4320) configuration], we estimate full-depth and scale-dependent eddy diffusivities in the Kuroshio Extension region, and then develop a novel empirical formula to accurately represent their variations. Our results reveal significant variations in both the magnitude and spatial structure of diffusivity with L * and depth. We find that Eady scale–based mixing length parameterization excels in the upper ocean, while GEOMETRIC and topographic GEOMETRIC parameterizations better capture scale-dependent particle-based diffusivity in the depth range away from the ocean surface. At middepths and for L * ranging from 0.8° to 1.8°, the parameterization based on eddy size effectively represents both the spatial structure and magnitude of diffusivities. By combining the strengths of these parameterizations, our empirical formula provides an accurate representation of eddy diffusivity across the entire ocean depth. This study offers a promising approach for improving subgrid-scale eddy mixing parameterizations in eddy-permitting climate models. Significance Statement Eddy-permitting climate models require scale-specific eddy mixing coefficients to parameterize mixing processes induced by eddies smaller than the smallest resolvable scale. In this study, we show that the eddy mixing rate has significant spatial variability in the Kuroshio Extension region, varying with separation scale (the resolvable scale; the cutoff between resolved and unresolved eddies) and depth. By extending total eddy mixing parameterizations to the scale-dependent case and evaluating their performance, we develop a novel empirical formula. Our findings reveal that this empirical formula, which combines the advantages of scale-dependent GEOMETRIC, topographic GEOMETRIC, Eady scale–based, and eddy size–based schemes, captures both the magnitude and spatial variability of scale-specific eddy mixing rates well. These insights provide a promising foundation for improving climate model performance by using full-depth, scale-dependent eddy mixing coefficients inferred from parameterization schemes.

中文摘要

摘要 在涡旋允许模式中，仅需参数化由未解析的次网格尺度涡旋引起的混合过程。因此，研究空间尺度小于分离尺度L的涡旋所导致的扩散率，即特定尺度涡旋扩散率，显得至关重要。利用高分辨率模式解[麻省理工学院通用环流模式（MITgcm）经纬度-极地帽（LLC4320）配置]中的拉格朗日粒子轨迹，我们估算了黑潮延伸体区域的全深度及尺度相关的涡旋扩散率，并据此开发了一种新颖的经验公式以精确表征其变化。我们的结果揭示了扩散率的大小和空间结构随L及深度发生显著变化。研究发现，基于Eady尺度的混合长度参数化在上层海洋表现优异，而GEOMETRIC和地形GEOMETRIC参数化在远离海洋表面的深度范围内能更好地捕捉尺度相关的粒子扩散率。在中深度及L*介于0.8°至1.8°范围内，基于涡旋大小的参数化能有效表征扩散率的空间结构和量级。通过综合这些参数化的优势，我们的经验公式能够精确表征整个海洋深度的涡旋扩散率。本研究为改进涡旋允许气候模式中的次网格尺度涡旋混合参数化提供了有前景的途径。意义陈述 涡旋允许气候模式需要特定尺度的涡旋混合系数，以参数化小于最小可分辨尺度的涡旋引起的混合过程。在本研究中，我们展示了黑潮延伸体区域涡旋混合速率具有显著的空间变异性，随分离尺度（可分辨尺度；分辨与未分辨涡旋之间的界限）和深度变化。通过将总涡旋混合参数化扩展到尺度依赖情形并评估其性能，我们开发了一种新颖的经验公式。我们的发现表明，该经验公式结合了尺度依赖GEOMETRIC、地形GEOMETRIC、基于Eady尺度及基于涡旋大小方案的优点，能很好地捕捉特定尺度涡旋混合速率的大小和空间变异性。这些见解为利用参数化方案推断的全深度、尺度依赖涡旋混合系数改进气候模式性能提供了有前景的基础。

15. JPO — Eddies in the Irminger Current and Their Impacts on Restratification of the Interior Irminger Sea in a 1/20° Ocean General Circulation Model

Abstract

Abstract Using a 1/20° ocean general circulation model, this study investigates eddies generated along the Irminger Current west of the Reykjanes Ridge and their impacts on upper-layer (100–1000 m) restratification of the interior Irminger Sea following wintertime convection. From 2008 to 2018, 647 cyclones and 403 anticyclones are generated in the Irminger Current in the model, both carrying relatively warm waters compared to the convective interior and thus are potential buoyancy sources. However, trajectories of these coherent eddies reveal that they rarely reach the deep convection site, precluding a direct contribution to restratification therein. A heat budget analysis in the convection region indicates that the mean-state heat gain during the restratification period (April–November) is mostly accomplished by locally generated eddies. On interannual time scale, however, the variability in heat gain is modulated by seasonal and interannual fluctuations in local circulation and temperature. Although the Irminger Current eddies do not penetrate the convection site, they play an important, though indirect, role in restratification. Specifically, they facilitate substantial heat transport from the boundary current into a transition zone—the general area between the boundary current and the convective interior—where heat is subsequently advected into the deep convection site by locally generated eddies (in the long-term mean) or circulation (on interannual time scale). This study thus elucidates the heat pathway from an eddy-rich buoyant boundary current to the deep convection region in the Irminger Sea, highlighting the interplay between remote and local processes in restratification.

中文摘要

摘要 利用1/20°海洋环流模式，本研究调查了雷克雅内斯海岭以西伊尔明格海流生成的涡旋及其对冬季对流后伊尔明格海内部上层（100–1000米）再层化的影响。2008年至2018年间，模式中伊尔明格海流共生成647个气旋和403个反气旋，两者均携带相对对流内部较暖的水体，因此是潜在浮力来源。然而，这些相干涡旋的轨迹显示它们很少到达深对流区域，排除了对那里再层化的直接贡献。对流区域的热量收支分析表明，再层化期间（4月至11月）的平均态热量增益主要由局地生成的涡旋完成。然而，在年际时间尺度上，热量增益的变率受局地环流和温度的季节及年际波动调控。尽管伊尔明格海流涡旋未深入对流区域，但它们在再层化中扮演了重要且间接的角色。具体而言，它们促进了从边界流向过渡区——即边界流与对流内部之间的广阔区域——的大量热量输送，随后热量由局地生成的涡旋（长期平均意义上）或环流（年际时间尺度上）平流进入深对流区域。因此，本研究阐明了从富含涡旋的浮力边界流到伊尔明格海深对流区域的热量路径，强调了远程与局地过程在再层化中的相互作用。

16. JPO — Coastal-Trapped Waves and Instabilities in Background Flows

Abstract

Abstract This paper considers coastal-trapped waves and instabilities in the nonhydrostatic Boussinesq equations in the presence of a background flow and complicated coastal topography, using a spectral method to discretize the two-dimensional eigenvalue problem and solve the resulting discrete problem by standard methods. Our approach is applied to several examples and demonstrated to be consistent with previous numerical and analytical results. Further, we are able to reliably identify previously unseen coastal-trapped wave modes using a realistic coastal geometry, thereby confirming predictions made by Gelderloos et al. based on recent simulations of the southeast Greenland shelf. Significance Statement The term “coastal-trapped waves” describes a family of waves that move along coastlines with wavelengths of hundreds to thousands of kilometers. These waves can have significant effects on coastal regions by modifying ocean currents or causing sea level rises and floods. This work describes a computational method for studying and predicting coastal-trapped waves based on the offshore sea depth, wave size, and water properties. We present four examples that demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach and verify that our results agree with previous theoretical and numerical theory. We also show that our method can be used to identify new waves in a realistic model of the southeast Greenland shelf, thus confirming predictions made by other authors. All scripts and data used in this work are available in a publicly accessible repository.

中文摘要

摘要 本文研究了在背景流和复杂海岸地形条件下，非静力Boussinesq方程中的海岸陷波和不稳定性。我们采用谱方法对二维特征值问题进行离散化，并通过标准方法求解所得离散问题。该方法应用于多个实例，并证明与先前的数值及解析结果一致。此外，利用真实海岸几何形状，我们能够可靠地识别出先前未见的海岸陷波模态，从而证实了Gelderloos等人基于格陵兰岛东南陆架近期模拟所做的预测。意义声明 “海岸陷波”一词描述了一类沿海岸线传播、波长从数百到数千公里的波动。这些波动通过改变洋流或引发海平面上升和洪水，对沿海地区产生显著影响。本研究描述了一种计算方法，基于离岸海深、波尺寸和水体特性来研究和预测海岸陷波。我们提供了四个实例，展示了该方法的有效性，并验证了我们的结果与先前的理论和数值理论一致。我们还表明，该方法可用于在格陵兰岛东南陆架的真实模型中识别新的波动，从而证实了其他作者的预测。本工作使用的所有脚本和数据均可在公开可访问的存储库中获取。

17. JPO — Lagrangian Pair Dispersion in the Presence of High-Frequency Motions at the Ocean Surface

Abstract

Abstract We investigate the properties of relative dispersion of Lagrangian particles in a global ocean simulation resolving both inertia–gravity waves (IGWs) and meso- and submesoscale (M/SM) turbulence. More specifically, we test if the dispersion laws depend on the shape of the Eulerian kinetic energy spectrum, as predicted from quasigeostrophic turbulence theory. To this end, we focus on two areas, in the Kuroshio Extension and in the Gulf Stream, for which the relative importance of IGW compared to M/SM varies in summer and winter. In winter, Lagrangian statistical indicators return a picture in overall agreement with the shape of the kinetic energy spectrum. Conversely, in summer, when submesoscales are less energetic and higher-frequency internal waves gain importance, the expected relations between dispersion properties and spectra do not seem to hold. This apparent discrepancy is explained by decomposing the flow into nearly balanced motions and IGWs and showing that the latter dominate the kinetic energy spectrum at small scales. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that high-frequency IGWs do not impact relative dispersion, which is then controlled by the nearly balanced, mainly rotational, flow component at larger scales. These results highlight that geostrophic velocities derived from wide-swath altimeters, such as Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT), may present limits when estimating surface dispersion and that current-measuring satellite missions may provide the complementary information to do so.

中文摘要

摘要 我们研究了全球海洋模拟中拉格朗日粒子相对扩散的特性，该模拟同时解析了惯性-重力波（IGWs）以及中尺度和次中尺度（M/SM）湍流。具体而言，我们检验了扩散规律是否如准地转湍流理论所预测的那样，依赖于欧拉动能谱的形状。为此，我们聚焦于黑潮延伸体和湾流两个区域，在这些区域中，IGW相对于M/SM的相对重要性在夏季和冬季有所不同。冬季，拉格朗日统计指标返回的结果与动能谱形状总体一致。相反，在夏季，当次中尺度能量较弱且高频内波重要性增加时，扩散特性与谱之间的预期关系似乎不再成立。这一明显的不一致可通过将流动分解为近平衡运动和IGWs来解释，并表明后者在小尺度上主导了动能谱。我们的结果与以下假设一致：高频IGWs不影响相对扩散，而相对扩散主要由较大尺度上的近平衡、主要为旋转的流动分量控制。这些结果强调，从宽幅测高仪（如地表水与海洋地形任务（SWOT））导出的地转速度在估算表面扩散时可能存在局限性，而当前测量卫星任务可能提供补充信息以实现这一目标。

18. JPO — On the Stationarity and Predictability of Internal Tides in the Northern South China Sea

Abstract

Abstract Internal tides (ITs) in the northern South China Sea exhibit pronounced spatiotemporal variability modulated by complex oceanic background conditions, complicating assessments of their predictability and intrinsic regularity. Using a high-resolution numerical simulation [Massachusetts Institute of Technology General Circulation Model (MITgcm) LLC4320], I evaluate IT predictability by quantifying how IT-induced baroclinic sea surface height (SSH) accounts for observed variability in along-track satellite altimetry and assess IT regularity using both conventional stationarity and a newly developed dynamical regularity (DR) index based on the Hilbert–Huang transform. Stationary IT is reasonably captured by the model, whereas nonstationary variability substantially reduces the predictability of the total IT, highlighting the need for data assimilation strategies and improved internal wave parameterization. Stationarity diagnosed from horizontal kinetic energy and baroclinic energy flux is generally high near the Luzon Strait and along main propagation beams, but results are sensitive to the diagnostic metric and sampling window length. Further analysis of baroclinic SSH suggests that nonstationary ITs retain notable dynamical regularity, rather than behaving random or unpredicatable. By explicitly incorporating variability in instantaneous frequency and energy, DR provides a time-resolved and physically consistent characterization of IT regularity. DR confirms high IT regularity near generation sites and reveals that low-mode ITs maintain pronounced regularity far downstream within the deep basin, in contrast to the downstream decay indicated by stationarity. DR also reveals reduced diurnal IT regularity in the northern Luzon Strait, underscoring the significant role of local dynamics such as the Kuroshio intrusion. Overall, the DR index captures a broader spectrum of IT dynamical behaviors than stationarity, offering a new framework capable of characterizing IT regularity in complex oceanic environments.

中文摘要

摘要 南海北部的内潮（ITs）表现出显著的空间变异性，受复杂海洋背景条件调制，这增加了对其可预测性和内在规律性评估的复杂性。利用高分辨率数值模拟[麻省理工学院通用环流模型（MITgcm）LLC4320]，我通过量化内潮引起的斜压海面高度（SSH）对沿轨卫星测高观测变异的解释程度来评估内潮的可预测性，并采用传统平稳性方法及基于希尔伯特-黄变换新发展的动力学规律性（DR）指数来评估内潮的规律性。模型能合理捕捉平稳内潮，而非平稳变异性显著降低了总内潮的可预测性，凸显了数据同化策略和改进内波参数化的必要性。基于水平动能和斜压能量通量诊断的平稳性在吕宋海峡附近及主要传播波束沿线普遍较高，但结果对诊断指标和采样窗口长度敏感。对斜压海面高度的进一步分析表明，非平稳内潮保持显著的动力学规律性，而非表现为随机或不可预测。通过明确纳入瞬时频率和能量的变异性，DR提供了对内潮规律性的时间分辨且物理一致的表征。DR确认了生成点附近内潮的高规律性，并揭示低模态内潮在深海盆地下游保持显著规律性，这与平稳性所指示的下游衰减形成对比。DR还揭示了吕宋海峡北部日潮内潮规律性的降低，强调了黑潮入侵等局部动力学的重要作用。总体而言，DR指数捕捉了比平稳性更广泛的内潮动力学行为谱，为在复杂海洋环境中表征内潮规律性提供了新框架。

19. JPO — Mechanisms of Tropical Cyclone Modulation of Meridional Heat Transport in the North Pacific

Abstract

Abstract The cumulative effects of tropical cyclones (TCs) have a long-lasting impact on the meridional ocean heat transport (MHT), yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using high-resolution numerical simulations, this study investigates how TCs modulate MHT in the North Pacific through two experiments: one with TC wind forcing removed and the other with TC wind forcing reconstructed from observations. Results show that TCs weaken poleward MHT by 1.6% ± 1.2% between 0° and 16°N but strengthen it by 2.2% ± 1.6% between 16° and 30°N. By decomposing the MHT anomalies into an overturning component and a gyre component, we separately examine the dynamic and thermodynamic processes at play. The response is found to be dominated by changes in the overturning component through changes in the strength of the subtropical overturning cell. This cell is weakened between 0° and 15°N due to reduced Ekman transport and interior geostrophic return flow but strengthened between 15° and 30°N due to intensified Ekman transport and weakened western boundary transport. In contrast, the gyre component, controlled by both dynamic and thermodynamic processes, offsets nearly half of the overturning-induced changes. TCs also amplify the seasonal amplitude of North Pacific MHT by up to 9.5% ± 1.5%, primarily through the seasonal modulation of the overturning cell strength. These results demonstrate that TCs modulate both the mean state and seasonal variability of the North Pacific MHT, highlighting the dominant role of the overturning cell strength and the compensating effects of the gyre component, which are often overlooked by previous research. Significance Statement Tropical cyclones (TCs) can effectively modulate the ocean meridional heat transport, with important implications for climate. This study investigates the underlying mechanisms behind the modulation in the North Pacific, the world’s most active TC basin. We find that TCs reorganize the mean poleward heat transport, weakening it between 0° and 16°N while strengthening it between 16° and 30°N. This pattern is primarily driven by changes in the wind-driven, shallow overturning cell. Two other processes matter as well: weakened horizontal gyres and the advection of tropical cyclone–created warm and cold temperature anomalies. TCs also amplify the seasonal cycle of MHT, a response dominated by changes in the overturning cell strength. Our mechanistic framework clarifies how TCs interact with large-scale ocean circulation and provides a critical basis for evaluating how projected changes in TC activity may alter ocean heat transport in a warming climate.

中文摘要

摘要 热带气旋（TCs）的累积效应对经向海洋热输运（MHT）具有长期影响，然而其潜在机制仍知之甚少。本研究利用高分辨率数值模拟，通过两个实验探讨热带气旋如何调节北太平洋的MHT：一个实验移除热带气旋风应力强迫，另一个实验则根据观测重建热带气旋风应力强迫。结果表明，热带气旋在0°至16°N之间使向极MHT减弱1.6%±1.2%，但在16°至30°N之间使其增强2.2%±1.6%。通过将MHT异常分解为翻转环流分量和涡旋分量，我们分别考察了其中的动力和热力过程。研究发现，响应主要由翻转环流分量的变化主导，具体表现为副热带翻转环流强度的改变。该环流在0°至15°N之间因埃克曼输运和内部地转回流减弱而减弱，但在15°至30°N之间因埃克曼输运增强和西边界输运减弱而增强。相比之下，受动力和热力过程共同控制的涡旋分量抵消了翻转环流引起的变化近一半。热带气旋还使北太平洋MHT的季节振幅增大达9.5%±1.5%，这主要通过翻转环流强度的季节调节实现。这些结果表明，热带气旋调节了北太平洋MHT的平均状态和季节变率，凸显了翻转环流强度的主导作用以及涡旋分量的补偿效应，而这些在以往研究中常被忽视。意义声明 热带气旋能有效调节海洋经向热输运，对气候具有重要影响。本研究探讨了全球最活跃的热带气旋海域——北太平洋中这一调节作用背后的机制。我们发现，热带气旋重新组织了平均向极热输运，在0°至16°N之间使其减弱，而在16°至30°N之间使其增强。这一格局主要由风驱动的浅层翻转环流变化所主导。另外两个过程也起作用：水平涡旋的减弱以及热带气旋产生的冷暖温度异常平流。热带气旋还放大了MHT的季节循环，这一响应主要由翻转环流强度的变化主导。我们的机制框架阐明了热带气旋如何与大尺度海洋环流相互作用，并为评估在气候变暖背景下热带气旋活动的预期变化如何改变海洋热输运提供了关键基础。

20. JPO — Dynamics of the Southeast Indian Ridge Storm Track Evaluated Using a Wave Activity Flux Framework

Abstract

Abstract Regions of elevated eddy kinetic energy (EKE) downstream from topographic ridge systems of the Southern Ocean are analogous to atmospheric storm tracks. Typically investigated using a three-dimensional wave activity flux framework, the dynamics of storm tracks are primarily governed by energy transfers between the mean and eddy fields. Here, 3 years of high-resolution numerical model output is used to diagnose these eddy–mean field interactions and the physical mechanisms responsible for initiating and maintaining the Southeast Indian Ridge storm track in the Southern Ocean. Background dynamics are found to be primarily governed by the vertical wave activity flux divergences, corresponding to the baroclinic conversion of energy. This term suggests ubiquitous baroclinic growth across the domain but is largely enhanced in the crest of the standing meander. While baroclinic instability remains a nonnegligible contributor, temporal variability in array-averaged EKE is found to be associated with the horizontal wave activity flux terms, corresponding to the barotropic conversion of energy and a mixed instability regime. This variability is event driven and, when decomposed into synoptic storm-track case studies, shown to be analogous to atmospheric downstream development. Anomalously, large local increases in EKE are attributed to an extremely extended meander, which obstructs the typical propagation of these barotropic perturbations. These major events are compared to an atmospheric omega block and hypothesized to significantly increase eddy heat and tracer fluxes and therefore play a sizable role in the eddy-driven arm of the Southern Ocean overturning circulation.

中文摘要

摘要 南大洋地形脊系统下游涡动动能（EKE）增强的区域，类似于大气风暴路径。通常采用三维波活动通量框架进行研究，风暴路径的动力学主要由平均场与涡动场之间的能量传输控制。本文利用3年的高分辨率数值模式输出，诊断这些涡动-平均场相互作用及引发和维持南大洋东南印度洋脊风暴路径的物理机制。研究发现，背景动力学主要由垂直波活动通量散度控制，对应能量的斜压转换。该术语表明整个区域普遍存在斜压增长，但在驻波波峰处显著增强。尽管斜压不稳定仍是一个不可忽视的贡献因素，阵列平均EKE的时间变率与水平波活动通量项相关，对应能量的正压转换及混合不稳定机制。这种变率由事件驱动，并在分解为天气尺度风暴路径案例研究后，显示出与大气下游发展的相似性。异常情况下，EKE的局部大幅增加归因于极端延伸的弯曲，该弯曲阻碍了这些正压扰动的典型传播。这些重大事件与大气欧米伽阻塞进行类比，推测其显著增强涡动热量及示踪物通量，从而在南大洋翻转环流的涡动驱动分支中发挥重要作用。

21. JPO — Lagrangian Mesoscale Eddy Evolution in the Western Arabian Sea: Comparing Surface Temperature Anomaly with Vertical Structure

Abstract

Abstract The western Arabian Sea hosts an intense mesoscale activity, with long-lived eddies inducing eddy sea surface temperature anomalies (ESSTA). ESSTA are classically labeled as “normal” or “inverse” based on their sign: Normal ESSTA are warm for anticyclones and cold for cyclones, and conversely for inverse ESSTA. Following eddy evolution in a Lagrangian framework, we show that the same eddy can vary greatly in ESSTA depending on the season and on the location. Seasonal reversals of ESSTA sign are retrieved in particular in the northern Arabian Sea: Cyclones can shift from a negative ESSTA in winter to a positive one in summer, and conversely for anticyclones. Temporal evolution of in situ profiles inside eddy confirms that ESSTA sign reversal does not reflect a change in the eddy at depth. Further south, summer upwelling along Omani and Somali coasts brings colder waters at the surface. This forms cyclonic filaments advected in the periphery of anticyclones. Consequently, anticyclonic ESSTA appear warmer due to this advection process. A linear relationship between an eddy SST anomaly and its vertical structure is retrieved: Anticyclones with a density anomaly 100 m deeper correspond to ESSTA approximately 0.25°C colder in summer and 0.05°C colder in winter. This relationship holds only in the northern Arabian Sea and along the Omani coast, where deeper eddies are observed, and only for anticyclones. ESSTA then appear as a useful marker of mesoscale eddy evolution, to be considered along the eddy trajectory, rather than as a binary indicator of surface versus subsurface eddy.

中文摘要

摘要 阿拉伯海西部存在强烈的中尺度活动，长寿涡旋引发海表温度异常（ESSTA）。ESSTA根据其符号传统上被标记为“正常”或“反向”：正常ESSTA中，反气旋表现为暖异常，气旋表现为冷异常，反之则为反向ESSTA。通过拉格朗日框架追踪涡旋演变，我们发现同一涡旋的ESSTA随季节和位置变化显著。特别是在阿拉伯海北部，观测到ESSTA符号的季节性反转：气旋可从冬季的负ESSTA转变为夏季的正ESSTA，反气旋则相反。涡旋内部现场剖面的时间演变证实，ESSTA符号反转并不反映涡旋在深层的结构变化。更南区域，阿曼和索马里沿岸的夏季上升流将较冷海水带至表层，形成气旋性丝状结构，并被平流至反气旋外围。因此，反气旋的ESSTA因这一平流过程而显得更暖。涡旋海表温度异常与其垂直结构之间存在线性关系：密度异常深度深100米的反气旋，在夏季对应ESSTA约低0.25°C，冬季约低0.05°C。这一关系仅在阿拉伯海北部及阿曼沿岸观测到较深涡旋的区域成立，且仅适用于反气旋。因此，ESSTA可作为中尺度涡旋演变的有用标记，应沿涡旋轨迹考虑，而非仅作为表层与次表层涡旋的二元指示器。

22. JPO — Deep-Reaching Wave Energy Flux in the Southwestern Tropical Pacific Ocean during El Niño Events

Abstract

Abstract The present study investigates the vertical structure of wave energy in the tropical Pacific Ocean using the output of a linear, continuously stratified ocean model driven by interannual wind forcing. We have applied an energy flux diagnosis which seamlessly connects the tropical and subtropical zones. During El Niño events, the downward energy flux is extremely strong in the equatorial and off-equatorial region of the eastern Pacific Ocean, which is associated with the vertical propagation of Kelvin and Rossby waves that are important features for El Niño events. In the western basin, the downward transfer of wave energy penetrates deep into the ocean interior and exhibits a large vertical extent (from around 20- to 1200-m depths) in the southwestern tropical Pacific Ocean (SWTP; 15°–5°S, 150°E–150°W). The authors have demonstrated that none of the local wind input, wave reflection, or wave diffraction near the eastern boundary in the Southern Hemisphere contributes to the peak of downward energy flux in the SWTP. The significant downward energy flux in the SWTP originates from the wind input in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean (CEP; 5°S–5°N, 180°–130°W). This energy input generates strong southwestward energy flux to the SWTP in austral summer during El Niño. The horizontally converged wave energy in the SWTP then transfers downward to the deeper layer below 1200-m depth forced by the local wind. The local wind forcing is closely linked to the equatorward migration of the South Pacific convergence zone during El Niño events, which causes Ekman suction with a negative wind stress curl anomaly in the SWTP.

中文摘要

摘要 本研究利用线性连续层化海洋模式在年际风应力强迫下的输出，探讨了热带太平洋波浪能量的垂直结构。我们采用了一种能无缝连接热带与副热带地区的能量通量诊断方法。在厄尔尼诺事件期间，东太平洋赤道及近赤道区域的下传能量通量极为强烈，这与开尔文波和罗斯贝波的垂直传播有关，这些波是厄尔尼诺事件的重要特征。在西太平洋盆地，波浪能量的向下传递深入海洋内部，并在西南热带太平洋（SWTP；15°–5°S，150°E–150°W）表现出较大的垂直范围（约从20米至1200米深度）。作者已证明，南半球东边界附近的局地风输入、波浪反射或波浪衍射均不构成SWTP下传能量通量峰值的贡献。SWTP显著的向下能量通量源自中赤道太平洋（CEP；5°S–5°N，180°–130°W）的风输入。在厄尔尼诺期间的南半球夏季，这一能量输入产生向西南方向的强能量通量，直达SWTP。随后，SWTP中水平汇聚的波浪能量在局地风强迫下向下传递至1200米深度以下的深层。局地风强迫与厄尔尼诺事件期间南太平洋辐合带向赤道方向的迁移密切相关，这导致SWTP出现负风应力旋度异常，引发埃克曼抽吸。

23. JPO — The Transient Response of Dense Water Storage in a Hydraulically Drained Ocean Basin through One or Two Passages, in the Context of the Greenland–Iceland–Scotland Ridge

Abstract

Abstract To investigate dense water hydraulics under transient conditions, we examine the time-dependent adjustment of circulation in an ocean basin drained by one or two hydraulically controlled straits. Adjustment is triggered by a sudden increase in the imposed inflow to the upstream basin and is communicated to the draining strait(s) by a coastal Kelvin wave. Hydraulic control at a sill causes partial reflection of the transport anomaly back into the upstream basin, while the remaining signal is transmitted to the downstream basin. The resulting adjustment process and draining time scale can be interpreted in terms of these wave pathways and their reflection coefficients. The dynamics become more complex in the presence of two draining straits separated by an island. Using numerical experiments with a 1.5-layer model including an active lower layer, we explore the effects of strait width and sill depth, as well as rotation and stratification. While the presence of a second strait increases Kelvin wave reflection at each individual strait, the combined effect of both straits enhances the net volume transmission to the downstream basin, significantly reducing the upstream draining time scale relative to a single-strait configuration. A theoretical estimate of the reflection coefficient underestimates the reflection values diagnosed in the model by a factor of 4, and we propose an empirical parameterization that better fits the experiments. Applied to the Nordic seas, the results suggest a characteristic draining time scale of 2–3 months, largely independent of perturbation amplitude.

中文摘要

摘要 为探究瞬态条件下的稠密水水力特性，我们研究了由一个或两个受水力控制的海峡排水的海洋盆地中环流的时间依赖性调整过程。调整由上游盆地施加流入量的突然增加触发，并通过沿海开尔文波传递至排水海峡。海槛处的水力控制导致输运异常部分反射回上游盆地，而剩余信号则传递至下游盆地。由此产生的调整过程及排水时间尺度可依据这些波路径及其反射系数进行解释。当存在由岛屿分隔的两个排水海峡时，动力学过程变得更加复杂。通过使用包含活跃下层的1.5层模型进行数值实验，我们探讨了海峡宽度、海槛深度以及旋转和层结的影响。尽管第二个海峡的存在增加了每个海峡处的开尔文波反射，但两个海峡的联合效应增强了对下游盆地的净体积传输，显著缩短了相对于单海峡配置的上游排水时间尺度。理论估算的反射系数低估了模型中诊断出的反射值达4倍，我们提出了一种经验参数化方案，能更好地拟合实验结果。应用于北欧海域时，结果表明特征排水时间尺度为2至3个月，且基本不受扰动幅度影响。

24. JGR: Oceans — Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Antarctic Bottom Water Downstream of the Four Key Formation Regions

Abstract

Abstract Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) is a cold, dense water mass formed around Antarctica that ventilates the global abyssal ocean. Recent studies have reported widespread warming, freshening, and thinning of AABW, yet its temporal variability remains poorly constrained because of sparse observations. This limits our ability to distinguish trends induced by climate change from natural variability. We address this limitation by examining seasonal and interannual AABW variability using passive dye‐like tracers in the high‐resolution ocean–sea ice model ACCESS‐OM2‐01. The tracers are released in four key AABW formation regions: the Ross and Weddell Seas, Prydz Bay and the shelf adjacent to Adélie Land. We find pronounced differences in the magnitude and time scales of AABW variability across formation regions. AABW from the narrow‐shelf regions (Prydz Bay and Adélie Land coast) is characterized by high seasonal variability, reaching about 0.16 tracer units (equivalent to 100% of its local time‐mean tracer concentration) along the continental slope. By contrast, seasonal variability of AABW formed on the wide shelves (Ross and Weddell Seas) remains below 50% of its local time‐mean concentration. Interannual variability is strongest in the Weddell Sea, where it reaches 0.12–0.15 tracer units (40%–50% of its local time‐mean concentration) along the continental slope. Advective timescales show that AABW from narrow‐shelf sources ventilates the abyss on much shorter time scales (1 year) than AABW from wide shelves (2 years). These findings provide new context for interpreting observed deep‐ocean changes, helping to distinguish anthropogenic trends from natural variability and sampling limitations.

中文摘要

摘要 南极底层水（AABW）是一种形成于南极洲周围的寒冷、高密度水团，对全球深海通风起着重要作用。近期研究报道了AABW普遍存在的变暖、淡化和变薄现象，然而由于观测数据稀疏，其时间变率仍受限于较差的约束。这限制了我们区分气候变化引起的趋势与自然变率的能力。为解决这一局限，我们利用高分辨率海洋-海冰模型ACCESS-OM2-01中的被动染料类示踪剂，考察了AABW的季节和年际变率。示踪剂在四个关键的AABW形成区域释放：罗斯海、威德尔海、普里兹湾以及阿黛利地邻近陆架。我们发现不同形成区域的AABW变率幅度和时间尺度存在显著差异。来自狭窄陆架区域（普里兹湾和阿黛利地海岸）的AABW表现出较高的季节变率，沿大陆坡可达约0.16示踪剂单位（相当于其局地时间平均示踪剂浓度的100%）。相比之下，在宽阔陆架（罗斯海和威德尔海）形成的AABW季节变率保持在其局地时间平均浓度的50%以下。年际变率在威德尔海最强，沿大陆坡达到0.12–0.15示踪剂单位（占其局地时间平均浓度的40%–50%）。平流时间尺度显示，来自狭窄陆架源的AABW对深海的通风时间尺度（1年）远短于宽阔陆架源的AABW（2年）。这些发现为解读观测到的深海变化提供了新背景，有助于区分人为趋势与自然变率及采样局限性。

25. JC — Teleconnections and Topography: How snowpack prediction using sea surface temperature varies within the Colorado Rocky Mountains

Abstract

Abstract Mountain snowpack in the western US can be difficult to predict multiple months in advance, especially within the Colorado Rocky Mountains, where snowpack prediction varies widely by location and derives little skill from El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Using a high-resolution snow-water equivalent depth (SWE) reanalysis dataset, we investigate how seasonal snowpack prediction using sea surface temperature (SST) in the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans varies across prominent crests and valleys in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Possible atmospheric mechanisms are proposed to explain SST patterns associated with enhanced SWE using self-organizing maps. We find that southern areas of the domain receive significant prediction skill from SSTs within a portion of the tropical North Atlantic, and that this SST pattern is associated with the frequency of surface cyclone passages southwest of the domain. Northern areas, by contrast, receive significant prediction skill from SSTs further north in the North Atlantic—an SST pattern related to the strength of the North Pacific High. Prediction skill increases west to east, where a larger fraction of snow accumulation events coincides with the passage of surface cyclones. A forecast experiment is constructed using December SSTs to predict April 1 SWE, which produces an average correlation of 0.51 between predicted and observed SWE across the domain, and a maximum correlation of 0.75 on the eastern slope of the Colorado Front Range for the years analyzed. This promising result highlights the potential to predict snowpack in small mountain watersheds more accurately, which may benefit water management in these locations.

中文摘要

摘要 美国西部山区积雪在提前数月预测方面存在困难，尤其是在科罗拉多落基山脉地区，该地区积雪预测因地点不同差异显著，且从厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（ENSO）中获得的预测技巧有限。利用高分辨率雪水当量深度（SWE）再分析数据集，我们研究了北太平洋和北大西洋海表温度（SST）如何影响科罗拉多落基山脉主要山脊和山谷的季节性积雪预测。通过自组织映射图，提出了可能的大气机制来解释与SWE增强相关的SST模式。我们发现，研究区域南部从热带北大西洋部分海域的SST中获得了显著的预测技巧，且该SST模式与区域西南方向地面气旋过境频率相关。相比之下，北部地区则从北大西洋更北部的SST中获得显著预测技巧——这一SST模式与北太平洋高压强度有关。预测技巧自西向东递增，其中较大比例的积雪累积事件与地面气旋过境相吻合。我们构建了一个预测实验，利用12月SST预测4月1日的SWE，结果显示在所分析的年份中，预测与观测SWE在整个区域的平均相关系数为0.51，在科罗拉多前山脉东坡达到最大相关系数0.75。这一有前景的结果凸显了更准确预测小型山区流域积雪的潜力，可能有利于这些地区的水资源管理。

26. JAMES — Data Driven Reconstruction of Upper Ocean Profiles for Improved State Estimation in the Philippine Sea

Abstract

Abstract Despite significant advances in observational systems such as the global Argo array of autonomous profiling floats, the spatiotemporal coverage of subsurface ocean observations remains limited compared to the dense data provided by satellite platforms. This study develops a data‐driven framework to reconstruct synthetic profiles of upper ocean temperature and salinity by training a self‐attention‐based neural network with satellite‐derived sea surface height (SSH) and sea surface temperature anomalies, using 17 years of collocated Argo float measurements. Daily synthetic profiles for the upper 650 m of the Philippine Sea were generated for the entirety of 2010 and assimilated into a regional ocean model via 4D‐Var data assimilation. Results show overall improved effectiveness of state estimation when synthetic profiles are utilized. Diagnostic variables like temperature, salinity, SSH, horizontal velocity all show improvement. Synthetic profiles of subsurface temperature had an overall positive impact on SSH analysis and forecast, especially in regions east of the Luzon Strait and the southern domain influenced by the North Equatorial Current. In the vertical range of 150–600 m, the impact of synthetic profiles on various observations was promising, leading to substantial reductions in the analysis and forecast error.

中文摘要

摘要 尽管观测系统取得了显著进展，如全球Argo自动剖面浮标阵列，但与卫星平台提供的密集数据相比，次表层海洋观测的时空覆盖仍然有限。本研究开发了一种数据驱动框架，通过训练基于自注意力机制的神经网络，利用卫星获取的海面高度（SSH）和海面温度异常数据，结合17年的Argo浮标协同观测，重建上层海洋温度和盐度的合成剖面。针对2010年全年，生成了菲律宾海上层650米范围内的每日合成剖面，并通过4D-Var数据同化将其融入区域海洋模型。结果表明，利用合成剖面时，状态估计的整体有效性得到提升。温度、盐度、SSH、水平流速等诊断变量均显示出改善。次表层温度合成剖面在SSH分析和预报中总体产生积极影响，尤其是在吕宋海峡以东及受北赤道流影响的南部区域。在150至600米的垂直范围内，合成剖面各类观测的影响显著，大幅降低了分析和预报误差。

27. JAMES — Latitude‐Dependent Sensitive Areas for Targeted Observations of Mesoscale Eddies Associated With Sea Surface Height Anomaly Forecasts

Abstract

Abstract By employing the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation approach within a two‐layer quasigeostrophic (QG) model, we investigate the sensitive areas for targeted observations of mesoscale eddies relevant to sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) forecasting and reveal their pronounced latitude dependence. Our results show that the spatial characteristics of sensitive areas may differ markedly among eddies located in different latitudinal bands, although these areas are generally situated in regions characterized by clear high‐to low‐velocity gradients, with velocity decreasing spatially along the direction of eddy rotation. For eddies at high latitudes, sensitive areas are primarily located in regions exhibiting the most pronounced high‐to low‐velocity gradients within the vortex. However, at low latitudes, the sensitivity is not determined solely by the magnitude of the velocity gradient; instead, the zonal velocity direction within the gradient region also plays a crucial role. Specifically, sensitive areas preferentially emerge where high‐to low‐velocity gradients coincide with an eastward velocity component, even when the gradients are relatively weaker. Observing system simulation experiments further confirm that prioritizing data assimilation in the identified sensitive areas within specific latitudinal regimes significantly improves SSHA forecast skill. From a dynamical perspective, the latitude‐dependent sensitivity patterns can be physically interpreted in terms of barotropic instability modulated by the planetary ‐effect. These findings provide practical guidance for optimizing targeted observation strategies in realistic oceanic settings, highlighting the critical role of latitude in the selection of observation sites for mesoscale eddies and ultimately enhancing SSHA forecasting capability.

中文摘要

摘要 通过在两层准地转（QG）模型中采用条件非线性最优扰动方法，我们研究了与海面高度异常（SSHA）预报相关的中尺度涡旋目标观测的敏感区域，并揭示了其显著的纬度依赖性。结果表明，尽管这些区域通常位于具有明显高至低速度梯度的区域，且速度沿涡旋旋转方向在空间上递减，但不同纬度带涡旋的敏感区域空间特征可能存在显著差异。对于高纬度涡旋，敏感区域主要位于涡旋内速度梯度最显著的区域。然而，在低纬度，敏感性并非仅由速度梯度大小决定；相反，梯度区域内的纬向速度方向也起着关键作用。具体而言，敏感区域优先出现在高至低速度梯度与东向速度分量重合的地方，即使这些梯度相对较弱。观测系统模拟实验进一步证实，在特定纬度范围内，优先在识别出的敏感区域进行数据同化可显著提高SSHA预报技能。从动力学角度看，纬度依赖的敏感性模式可通过行星β效应调制的正压不稳定性进行物理解释。这些发现为优化实际海洋环境中的目标观测策略提供了实践指导，强调了纬度在中尺度涡旋观测站点选择中的关键作用，并最终提升了SSHA预报能力。

28. GRL — Uncovering Ocean Mixed Layer Dynamics From the Sea Surface State

Abstract

Abstract Submesoscale dynamics strongly influence the upper ocean, regulating mixing, air–sea exchange, and vertical heat transport. The recent Surface Water and Ocean Topography mission provides unprecedented high‐resolution observations of sea surface height (SSH), yet linking these surface measurements to subsurface ocean dynamics remains challenging. We develop a theoretical framework for diagnosing key mixed layer (ML) properties from surface‐observable states. We show that horizontal density anomalies induced by mixed layer eddies produce surface imprints that can be effectively captured by spatially filtered SSH. The filtered SSH is integrated into the ML Eddy parameterization to infer the effects of submesoscale restratification. A potential energy budget accounting for the mixing–restratification competition in the ML is diagnosed from surface buoyancy flux, wind stress, and the SSH gradient, enabling reconstruction of the mixed‐layer depth. Vertical eddy heat flux can be further reconstructed from the SSH gradient. This framework offers a promising approach for diagnosing interior submesoscale processes using surface observations.

中文摘要

摘要 亚中尺度动力学强烈影响上层海洋，调节混合、海气交换和垂直热传输。最新的地表水与海洋地形任务提供了前所未有的海面高度高分辨率观测，但将这些表面测量与次表层海洋动力学联系起来仍具挑战性。我们开发了一个理论框架，用于从表面可观测状态诊断关键混合层属性。研究表明，混合层涡旋引起的水平密度异常会产生表面印记，这些印记可通过空间滤波的海面高度有效捕捉。滤波后的海面高度被整合到混合层涡参数化中，以推断亚中尺度再层化的影响。通过表面浮力通量、风应力和海面高度梯度，诊断了考虑混合层中混合与再层化竞争势能收支，从而能够重建混合层深度。垂直涡旋热通量可进一步从海面高度梯度重建。该框架为利用表面观测诊断内部亚中尺度过程提供了一种有前景的方法。

29. GRL — Gray‐Zone Simulation of the Dry Convective Boundary Layer Using Fourier Neural Operator

Abstract

Abstract Previous machine learning (ML) weather prediction models primarily focus on global mesoscale forecasting. This study develops three‐dimensional Fourier neural operator (FNO) models for simulating the dry convective boundary layer (CBL) at 800‐m grid spacing, which is a resolution in the gray zone. The filtered large‐eddy simulation data of the CBL are used for training the FNO models. The FNO models outperform traditional gray‐zone simulations in predicting a variety of flow statistics and instantaneous structures, including the scale of updrafts and downdrafts, the vertical profiles of statistics, and the energy spectra. The FNO models, trained using data for a few surface heat fluxes , demonstrate certain generalization capability for other within and out of this range . The FNO model is a promising ML method for fast and accurate weather prediction in the gray zone.

中文摘要

摘要 以往的机器学习（ML）天气预报模型主要聚焦于全球中尺度预报。本研究开发了三维傅里叶神经算子（FNO）模型，用于模拟800米网格间距下的干对流边界层（CBL），该分辨率处于灰色地带。利用CBL的滤波大涡模拟数据对FNO模型进行训练。在预测多种流动统计量和瞬时结构方面，FNO模型优于传统的灰色地带模拟，包括上升气流和下沉气流的尺度、统计量的垂直剖面以及能谱。FNO模型使用少数地表热通量数据训练后，对范围内外的其他热通量表现出一定的泛化能力。FNO模型是一种有前景的机器学习方法，可在灰色地带实现快速且准确的天气预报。

30. GRL — Impact of a Stratocumulus Scheme on Clouds and Feedbacks in MIROC7

Abstract

Abstract Marine stratocumulus (Sc) clouds exert a strong cooling effect on climate by reflecting solar radiation, yet many climate models underestimate their amount and cause uncertainty in equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS). Herein, we show that incorporating a physically based Sc parameterization into the seventh version of the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC7) alleviates this long‐standing bias. This scheme diagnoses the estimated cloud‐top entrainment index to regulate atmospheric mixing near inversion layers, thereby improving the simulations of low‐level clouds (LLCs) over eastern subtropical oceans compared with the previous version, MIROC6, and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) models. The new scheme strengthens positive low‐cloud feedback through a larger decrease in LLCs with climate warming, contributing to a higher climate sensitivity. The radiative feedback induced by the Sc scheme is about 0.24 W m −2 K −1 , accounting for roughly half of the ECS difference between MIROC6 and MIROC7.

中文摘要

摘要 海洋层积云（Sc）通过反射太阳辐射对气候产生强烈的冷却效应，然而许多气候模式低估了其数量，导致平衡气候敏感度（ECS）存在不确定性。在此，我们表明，将基于物理的Sc参数化方案纳入第七版跨学科气候研究模型（MIROC7）中，可缓解这一长期存在的偏差。该方案通过诊断估计的云顶夹卷指数来调节逆温层附近的大气混合，从而相较于前一版本MIROC6及耦合模式比较计划（CMIP）模型，改善了对东部副热带海洋低层云（LLCs）的模拟。新方案通过气候变暖时LLCs更大幅度的减少，增强了正的低云反馈，从而提高了气候敏感度。由Sc方案引起的辐射反馈约为0.24 W m⁻² K⁻¹，约占MIROC6与MIROC7之间ECS差异的一半。

31. GRL — Reactive Mixing Fronts in Porous Media Under Transverse Velocity Gradients

Abstract

Abstract Mixing‐limited reactions in porous media depend on concentration gradients at interfaces, yet their behavior in nonuniform co‐flow remains poorly understood. Here we develop a closed‐form theory for irreversible reactions in a co‐flow where a transverse velocity gradient makes transverse hydrodynamic dispersion vary linearly across the mixing zone. The solution shows that the velocity gradient mainly displaces the front toward slower flow rather than increasing the leading‐order mixing width. This migration reduces local transverse dispersion and compensates for the spatial variation in dispersion, so the mixing‐limited reaction intensity follows the uniform‐flow scaling. At larger distances, hydrodynamic dispersion weakens and molecular diffusion controls the remaining gradients, accelerating reaction‐intensity decay. These results show that velocity‐dependent dispersion redistributes reactive fronts without sustaining stronger mixing, constraining the spatial persistence of reactive mixing in nonuniform porous media.

中文摘要

摘要 多孔介质中受混合限制的反应依赖于界面处的浓度梯度，然而其在非均匀共流中的行为仍知之甚少。本文针对共流中不可逆反应发展了一种闭合形式理论，其中横向速度梯度使得横向水动力弥散在混合区内呈线性变化。该解表明，速度梯度主要将反应前锋向较慢流动方向迁移，而非增加前导阶的混合宽度。这种迁移减少了局部横向弥散，并补偿了弥散的空间变化，从而使受混合限制的反应强度遵循均匀流动的标度关系。在更远距离处，水动力弥散减弱，分子扩散控制剩余梯度，加速反应强度的衰减。这些结果表明，依赖于速度的弥散重新分布反应前锋，但并未维持更强的混合，从而限制了非均匀多孔介质中反应性混合的空间持续性。

32. GRL — Upwelling and Mixing in a Supercritical Submarine Canyon

Abstract

Abstract Rhodamine dye was released on the seafloor near the head of a supercritically sloped submarine canyon in La Jolla, California. Fluorometers on a moored profiler and a ship‐towed CTD simultaneously tracked dispersion of the dye patch along and across isopycnals. The dye spread quickly, spanning a few hundred meters along the bottom within the first few hours after release. Over the next day, the dye separated from the bottom boundary layer and extended 3 km along the canyon axis. The dye spread across isopycnals with an effective diapycnal diffusivity of and upwelled at a rate of 6 m . Microstructure‐ and dye‐based diffusivity estimates are broadly consistent: the dye‐derived value falls within the log‐normal distribution of microstructure‐based estimates within the dye layer. These results provide direct tracer‐based estimates of near‐bottom diapycnal mixing, upwelling and isopycnal spreading in a supercritically sloped submarine canyon.

中文摘要

摘要 在加利福尼亚州拉荷亚一处超临界坡度海底峡谷头部附近的海底释放了罗丹明染料。系泊剖面仪上的荧光计和船拖CTD同时追踪了染料斑块沿等密度面和跨等密度面的扩散。染料迅速扩散，在释放后的最初几小时内沿底部延伸数百米。次日，染料脱离底部边界层，沿峡谷轴线延伸3公里。染料跨等密度面扩散，有效跨密度扩散系数为，并以6米/天的速率上升。基于微结构和染料的扩散系数估算大致一致：染料得出的数值落在染料层内微结构估算的对数正态分布范围内。这些结果提供了超临界坡度海底峡谷中近底部跨密度混合、上升流和等密度面扩展的直接示踪剂估算。

33. JC — Disentangling the Interference between Indian and Pacific Ocean Teleconnections with Southern Africa during Austral Early Summer

Abstract

Abstract This study investigates the interference between Indian and Pacific Ocean teleconnections with southern Africa (SA) during the austral early summer (November–December) of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. During 1979–2024, reanalysis and observational datasets suggest that ENSO events drive below-average rainfall conditions over SA. Partial regression analysis shows that the Indian Ocean teleconnection accounts for 38% of the ENSO-related rainfall variability over SA, while the Pacific teleconnection accounts for 62%, evidencing an interference of distinct teleconnection pathways. Two mechanisms drive these anomalies: 1) a Matsuno–Gill-like response over the Indian Ocean, related to the Indian Ocean teleconnection; and 2) a South Atlantic zonal wavenumber-4 Rossby wave train, associated with the Pacific teleconnection. The wave train originates from the La Plata sector, where rainfall anomalies generate vorticity tendency through vortex stretching, forming a Rossby wave source. The South Atlantic Rossby wave undergoes wave splitting, with shorter waves refracted toward SA, and longer waves continuing toward the Southern Ocean. A further analysis using a large ensemble of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5)/phase 6 (CMIP6) models suggests that the La Plata Rossby wave source is positively correlated to subsidence over SA. Furthermore, models failing to simulate the ENSO–La Plata teleconnection also do not reproduce the South Atlantic Rossby wave train, reinforcing the role of the ENSO–La Plata rainfall link in promoting subsidence over SA. Sensitivity experiments with the SINTEX-F2 general circulation model further confirm the potential interference of teleconnections originating from the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

中文摘要

摘要 本研究探讨了在厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（ENSO）事件期间，澳大利亚初夏（11月至12月）印度洋和太平洋遥相关对南部非洲（SA）的干涉作用。在1979年至2024年间，再分析和观测数据集表明，ENSO事件导致南部非洲降雨量低于平均水平。偏回归分析显示，印度洋遥相关解释了南部非洲ENSO相关降雨变率的38%，而太平洋遥相关则占62%，这证明了不同遥相关路径之间存在干涉。驱动这些异常的两个机制包括：1）与印度洋遥相关相关的、印度洋上空的Matsuno-Gill型响应；2）与太平洋遥相关相关的南大西洋纬向波数4罗斯贝波列。该波列起源于拉普拉塔地区，那里的降雨异常通过涡旋拉伸产生涡度趋势，形成罗斯贝波源。南大西洋罗斯贝波经历波分裂，较短波向南部非洲折射，而较长波则继续向南大洋传播。进一步使用耦合模式比较计划第五阶段（CMIP5）/第六阶段（CMIP6）模型的大型集合分析表明，拉普拉塔罗斯贝波源与南部非洲上空的沉降呈正相关。此外，未能模拟ENSO-拉普拉塔遥相关的模型也无法再现南大西洋罗斯贝波列，这强化了ENSO-拉普拉塔降雨联系在促进南部非洲上空沉降中的作用。使用SINTEX-F2大气环流模型进行的敏感性实验进一步证实了源自太平洋和印度洋的遥相关可能存在的干涉效应。

34. JC — Tropical–Extratropical Teleconnection of the Winter Atlantic Niño in a Climate Model

Abstract

Abstract Tropical Atlantic variability (TAV) in sea surface temperature (SST) exerts a significant influence on the climate of surrounding regions. The Atlantic Niño (ATLN) is one of the leading modes of TAV, with a primary peak in summer (June–July) and a secondary peak in early winter (November–December). This study aims at exploring the atmospheric response to winter ATLN, as it has been much less documented than the summer ATLN. Coupled and atmosphere-only simulations with the climate model European Consortium Earth System Model (EC-EARTH) have been performed and analyzed to investigate the extratropical teleconnection of the winter ATLN in the North Atlantic–European (NAE) sector. Results show a tropical Gill-type structure, baroclinic and symmetrically straddling the equator, whose amplitude increases from November–December to January–February. In the extratropics, the atmospheric circulation displays a wave-like dipolar structure with cyclonic anomalies at midlatitudes and anticyclonic anomalies at subpolar latitudes, which is different from the North Atlantic Oscillation. This wave train response includes the feedback from both stationary and transient eddy activity. The associated precipitation anomalies show a robust signal over NAE. Differences in statistical significance are found when comparing observational data with model results, although the spatial patterns are similar, particularly in early winter. These findings enhance our understanding of the potential impact of the winter ATLN and suggest it could represent an untapped source of predictability.

中文摘要

摘要 热带大西洋海表温度变率（TAV）对周边地区气候具有显著影响。大西洋尼诺（ATLN）是TAV的主要模态之一，其峰值出现在夏季（6月至7月）和初冬（11月至12月）。本研究旨在探讨冬季ATLN的大气响应，因为相较于夏季ATLN，其研究记录较少。利用气候模式欧洲共同体地球系统模式（EC-EARTH）进行了耦合及仅大气模拟实验，并分析了冬季ATLN在北大西洋-欧洲（NAE）区域的温带遥相关。结果显示，存在一种热带吉尔型结构，具有斜压性并对称地横跨赤道，其振幅从11月至12月到1月至2月逐渐增强。在温带地区，大气环流呈现波状偶极结构，中纬度地区为气旋性异常，副极地纬度地区为反气旋性异常，这与北大西洋涛动不同。该波列响应包括定常和瞬变涡动活动的反馈。相关的降水异常在NAE区域显示出稳健的信号。尽管空间分布相似，尤其在初冬，但观测数据与模式结果在统计显著性上存在差异。这些发现增进了我们对冬季ATLN潜在影响的理解，并表明其可能代表一种尚未开发的预测性来源。

35. JC — Vertical Structure of the High-Level Cross-Equatorial Flow and Response to ENSO in Boreal Summer

Abstract

Abstract Cross-equatorial flow (CEF) represents a fundamental atmospheric phenomenon in the tropical troposphere. While low-level CEF (LCEF) has been extensively studied, the understanding of high-level CEF (HCEF) remains insufficient. Based on three reanalysis datasets (ERA-5, JRA-55, and MERRA-2) and CMIP6 models, this study conducts a comprehensive analysis of HCEF, including its vertical structure, multiple time-scales variability, and relationship with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The results indicate that HCEF has four primary channels located over the eastern Pacific, the Atlantic, West Africa, and the Indian Ocean-Maritime Continent, respectively. While interannual variability of HCEF is relatively consistent across the datasets, substantial discrepancies exist in its decadal variability and trend. The linkage between HCEF and the underlying LCEF exhibits dataset dependence and channel difference at interannual scales. The eastern Pacific HCEF (EPHCEF) is directly modulated by two types of ENSO (eastern Pacific ENSO and central Pacific ENSO) due to sea surface temperature anomalies that excite anomalous convection, which in turn modifies patterns of upper tropospheric convergence and divergence, thereby driving HCEF anomalies. During eastern Pacific ENSO events, Atlantic HCEF (ALHCEF) and West Africa HCEF (WAHCEF) also exhibit significant interannual variability through a physical process similar to that affecting EPHCEF. Statistical analysis suggests that the Atlantic Niño is more likely to be the primary driver of their variability compared with ENSO. The simulation results of CMIP6 for EP ENSO are similar to those of the reanalysis datasets, but show systematic biases for CP ENSO. These findings significantly advance our understanding of the tropical upper tropospheric circulation.

中文摘要

摘要 越赤道气流（CEF）是热带对流层中的一种基本大气现象。尽管低层越赤道气流（LCEF）已被广泛研究，但对高层越赤道气流（HCEF）的理解仍显不足。基于三套再分析资料（ERA-5、JRA-55和MERRA-2）及CMIP6模式，本研究对HCEF进行了综合分析，包括其垂直结构、多时间尺度变率及其与厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（ENSO）的关系。结果表明，HCEF主要有四个通道，分别位于东太平洋、大西洋、西非以及印度洋-海洋大陆区域。虽然各资料集中HCEF的年际变率相对一致，但其年代际变率和趋势存在显著差异。HCEF与下层LCEF之间的联系在年际尺度上表现出资料依赖性和通道差异。东太平洋HCEF（EPHCEF）受两类ENSO（东太平洋ENSO和中太平洋ENSO）的直接调控，这是因为海表温度异常激发了异常对流，进而改变了对流层上层辐合和辐散的模式，从而驱动HCEF异常。在东太平洋ENSO事件期间，大西洋HCEF（ALHCEF）和西非HCEF（WAHCEF）也通过类似于影响EPHCEF的物理过程表现出显著的年际变率。统计分析表明，与ENSO相比，大西洋尼诺更可能是其变率的主要驱动因素。CMIP6模式对东太平洋ENSO的模拟结果与再分析资料相似，但对中太平洋ENSO的模拟存在系统性偏差。这些发现显著推进了我们对热带对流层上层环流的理解。

36. JC — Moist Potential Vorticity Mechanism for Generation of Mesoscale Convective Systems in the Three-River-Source Region of China

Abstract

Abstract The three-river-source (TRS) region in the hinterland of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau over China is often affected by heavy rainfall and even disasters associated with mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). Using an MCS dataset established by hourly equivalent blackbody temperature T BB data of FY-2 series geostationary meteorological satellites and ERA5 reanalysis data in the warm season (May–August) from 2005 to 2020, the moist potential vorticity (MPV) mechanism for generating MCSs in the TRS is analyzed. Under the influences of weather systems such as midlevel trough and subtropical high and high-level South Asian high and westerly jet, the positive promotion effect of relative MPV (RMPV) on MCSs is quite apparent and is most effective near the midlevel frontal zone. The background MPV of atmosphere (AMPV) provides favorable environmental energy. RMPV is the power source to convert unstable energy into kinetic energy for MCS generation through promoting the development of moist baroclinicity and the creation of slantwise upward motion and then organizing convection, with moisture transport of lower-level easterly anomaly being a signal. The barotropic term ( ζ MPV) identifies the location of the MCS generation, and the baroclinic term (SMPV) is the dynamical supporter for the “vortex source.” The convergence near 500 hPa between high-level westerly jet and low-level southeasterly jet serves as an important driving force for MCS generation, while heating is an important exogenous accelerator in energy conversion.

中文摘要

摘要 位于中国青藏高原腹地的三江源地区，常受强降水乃至与中尺度对流系统（MCSs）相关的灾害影响。利用基于FY-2系列静止气象卫星逐时等效黑体温度TBB数据建立的MCS数据集及ERA5再分析资料，分析了2005—2020年暖季（5—8月）三江源地区MCS生成的湿位涡（MPV）机制。在中层槽、副热带高压以及高层南亚高压和西风急流等天气系统的影响下，相对湿位涡（RMPV）对MCS的正面促进作用相当显著，且在中层锋区附近最为有效。大气背景湿位涡（AMPV）提供了有利的环境能量。RMPV是通过促进湿斜压性发展和倾斜上升运动的产生，进而组织对流，将不稳定能量转化为MCS生成所需动能的动力源，其中低层东风异常的水汽输送是一个信号。正压项（ζMPV）标识了MCS生成的位置，而斜压项（SMPV）则是“涡源”的动力支持。500 hPa附近高层西风急流与低层东南风急流之间的辐合是MCS生成的重要驱动力，而加热则是能量转换中的重要外源加速器。

37. JC — Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Vertical Advective Heat Flux in the Arctic Ocean

Abstract

Abstract Vertical advective heat transport helps regulate upper-ocean heat exchange and ocean–ice interaction in the Arctic, yet the respective roles of mean circulation and mesoscale eddies remain poorly quantified. Using a 42-yr, high-resolution, eddy-permitting ocean–sea ice reanalysis [Regional Arctic Ocean/Sea Ice Reanalysis (RARE)], we decompose resolved vertical advective heat flux into mean and eddy components and characterize their variability across Arctic basins. Both components exhibit pronounced cold-season intensification in the surface layer, with a weaker signal extending into the subsurface. Enhanced wind stress curl strengthens Ekman-driven upward mean heat flux along the Atlantic water (AW) inflow pathway, while reduced stratification promotes more efficient eddy-driven upward redistribution of subsurface heat. Within the Arctic interior, upward advective heat fluxes differ strongly across basins because of contrasts in halocline structure and AW properties. The Canada Basin’s persistent, freshwater-maintained halocline insulates the upper ocean from AW heat, whereas the weaker halocline and shallower, warmer AW in the Eurasian Basin permit much more effective upward heat flux. Interannual variability in surface-layer mean heat flux is dominated by velocity-driven changes linked to large-scale atmospheric forcing, including the Arctic Oscillation, with additional low-frequency Atlantic-related modulation. Overall, these results suggest that Arctic upper-ocean vertical advective heat transport differs fundamentally from the globally integrated heat transport balance, where downward transport by the time-mean circulation is broadly offset by mesoscale eddy-induced upward transport. In the Arctic, salinity-controlled stratification and persistent temperature inversions place warm AW beneath a cold, fresh upper layer, allowing Ekman-driven upwelling to generate upward mean heat flux and play a major role in the spatiotemporal variation of vertical advective heat flux in the upper Arctic Ocean.

中文摘要

摘要 垂直平流热输运有助于调节北冰洋上层海洋的热交换和海冰-海洋相互作用，然而平均环流和中尺度涡旋各自的作用仍未得到充分量化。利用一项42年高分辨率、涡旋允许的海洋-海冰再分析资料[区域北冰洋/海冰再分析（RARE）]，我们将解析的垂直平流热通量分解为平均和涡旋分量，并刻画它们在北冰洋各海盆中的变率。两个分量在表层均表现出显著的冷季增强，且较弱信号延伸至次表层。增强的风应力旋度加强了沿大西洋水（AW） inflow路径的埃克曼驱动的向上平均热通量，而减弱的层结促进了更有效的涡旋驱动的次表层热量向上再分配。在北冰洋内部，由于盐跃层结构和AW性质的差异，各海盆间的向上平流热通量差异显著。加拿大海盆持续存在的、由淡水维持的盐跃层将上层海洋与AW热量隔离，而欧亚海盆较弱的盐跃层和较浅、较暖的AW则允许更有效的向上热通量。表层平均热通量的年际变率主要由与大规模大气强迫（包括北极涛动）相关的速度驱动变化主导，并伴有额外的低频大西洋相关调制。总体而言，这些结果表明北冰洋上层海洋的垂直平流热输运与全球综合热输运平衡存在根本差异，在全球平衡中，时间平均环流的向下输运大致被中尺度涡旋诱导的向上输运所抵消。在北冰洋，盐度控制的层结和持续的温度逆温将暖AW置于冷而淡的上层之下，使得埃克曼驱动的上升流产生向上的平均热通量，并在北冰洋上层垂直平流热通量的时空变化中发挥重要作用。

38. JC — Southern Ocean Barrier Layer Assessment in CMIP6 Models with Argo: Historical Bias and Possible Reasons

Abstract

Abstract The barrier layer (BL) influences air–sea heat exchange and plays a key role in regulating global climate change. Here, we provide a detailed assessment of the ability of models contributing to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) to represent the BL in the Southern Ocean. Our findings indicate that, while the CMIP6 models generally reproduce the seasonal cycle and spatial distribution of the Southern Ocean BL, the simulation results for BL thickness (BLT) remain too thin in comparison to observations. The main reason for this bias is that the models simulate a mixed layer depth that is too deep, which is associated with excessive buoyancy loss. However, in the BL core region of the South Pacific, we find that the thin BLT bias is largely due to an underestimation of the isothermal layer depth, which is caused by the unrealistic subsurface temperature structure in the models. In addition, we find that the warm sea surface temperature (SST) bias in the Southern Ocean BL core regions is related to the thin BLT bias. This may be because the thin BLT is ineffective at inhibiting the entrainment of warm Subantarctic Mode Water into the mixed layer. Our results suggest that BLT biases in the Southern Ocean should be considered to reduce the Southern Ocean SST bias in climate models.

中文摘要

摘要 屏障层（BL）影响海气热交换，并在调节全球气候变化中扮演关键角色。本文详细评估了参与第六次耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）的模型在表征南大洋屏障层方面的能力。研究发现，尽管CMIP6模型普遍能够再现南大洋屏障层的季节循环和空间分布，但模拟的屏障层厚度（BLT）相较于观测值仍显偏薄。造成这一偏差的主要原因是模型模拟的混合层深度过深，这与过量的浮力损失相关。然而，在南太平洋的屏障层核心区域，我们发现BLT偏薄的偏差主要源于等温层深度的低估，这归因于模型中不切实际的次表层温度结构。此外，我们还发现南大洋屏障层核心区域的海表温度（SST）偏暖偏差与BLT偏薄偏差有关。这可能是因为较薄的屏障层在抑制温暖的亚南极模态水卷入混合层方面效果不佳。我们的结果表明，在气候模型中应考虑南大洋的BLT偏差，以减少南大洋海表温度偏差。

39. JC — Trends in Atmospheric Radiative Cooling from Satellite, Reanalyses, and CMIP6 Datasets

  • 作者：Caroline Jouan, Rachael Byrom, Gunnar Myhre, Camilla Weum Stjern, Birthe Marie Steensen, Norman G. Loeb, Seiji Kato, Piers M. Forster
  • 发表日期：2026-08-01
  • DOI：https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-25-0511.1

Abstract

Abstract Atmospheric radiative cooling Q is closely tied to latent heat release during precipitation, and its changes offer critical insight into how changes in Earth’s energy balance might impact future rainfall. This study analyzes trends in Q ( dQ ) over 2001–24 period using CERES-observation-constrained estimates, two reanalysis datasets (ERA5 and MERRA-2), and the CMIP6 multimodel mean. The datasets show significant divergence in global-mean dQ . CERES indicates a negative trend of −0.21 ± 0.45 W m −2 decade −1 (shifting to +0.19 after 2006), and ERA5 shows a positive trend of +0.56 ± 0.27 W m −2 decade −1 , while MERRA-2 and CMIP6 display weaker trends. These differences arise from divergent longwave radiative cooling trends over the land, driven by surface temperature biases prior to 2006 and strong temperature and water vapor anomalies associated with ENSO events. Shortwave radiative cooling generally decreases, although regional aerosol variability, including intense Amazonian fires in 2024, may further influence global trends. In reanalyses, cloud representations often mask aerosol radiative effects, complicating attribution. While consistent trends across independent datasets would suggest a robust signal, our results highlight the limitations that influence dQ , including input dataset inconsistencies, differing treatments of compensating radiative effects of key drivers such as near-surface temperature and water vapor—which amplify Q variability under strong forcing—and the realistic or unrealistic representation of cloud and aerosol trends. As a result, both measurements and simulations of dQ indicate a positive trend, but the reliability of its magnitude remains uncertain, highlighting the need to reconcile differences across multiple datasets.

中文摘要

摘要 大气辐射冷却Q与降水过程中的潜热释放密切相关，其变化为理解地球能量平衡变化如何影响未来降雨提供了关键见解。本研究利用CERES观测约束估计、两个再分析数据集（ERA5和MERRA-2）以及CMIP6多模式平均值，分析了2001-2024年期间Q的趋势（dQ）。各数据集在全球平均dQ上显示出显著差异。CERES显示负趋势为−0.21 ± 0.45 W m⁻² decade⁻¹（2006年后转为+0.19），ERA5显示正趋势为+0.56 ± 0.27 W m⁻² decade⁻¹，而MERRA-2和CMIP6则表现出较弱的趋势。这些差异源于陆地上长波辐射冷却趋势的分歧，主要由2006年前的地表温度偏差以及与ENSO事件相关的强温度和水汽异常所驱动。短波辐射冷却总体呈下降趋势，尽管区域气溶胶变率（包括2024年亚马逊地区强烈火灾）可能进一步影响全球趋势。在再分析中，云的表征常常掩盖气溶胶辐射效应，使归因复杂化。虽然独立数据集间的一致趋势可能表明信号稳健，但我们的结果强调了影响dQ的局限性，包括输入数据集的不一致性、对关键驱动因素（如近地表温度和水汽）补偿辐射效应的不同处理方式——这些因素在强强迫下放大Q变率——以及云和气溶胶趋势表征的现实性或非现实性。因此，dQ的测量和模拟均显示正趋势，但其幅度的可靠性仍不确定，凸显了协调多个数据集间差异的必要性。

40. JC — Projected Arctic Ocean Warming Accompanied by a Restructuring of the Overturning at the Fram Strait and the Barents Sea Opening

Abstract

Abstract The Arctic Ocean is warming at over twice the rate of the global average, a phenomenon closely linked to enhanced ocean heat transport into the Arctic. The Fram Strait and the Barents Sea Opening play a particularly important role serving as conduits to increased ocean heat transport (OHT) into the Arctic, partially linked to the overturning circulation at the two straits. Here, we analyze the overturning at these Arctic gateways in the Community Earth System Model, version 2, Large Ensemble over years 1920–2100. In particular, we examine the climatological overturning, determine how it changes under climate forcing, and quantify its contribution to the ocean heat transport. We find that during the twentieth century, the overturning is characterized by a net inflow (outflow) at high (low) densities into (out of) the Arctic Ocean. However, beginning in the early twenty-first century, the inflow through both the Fram Strait and the Barents Sea Opening shifts to much lower densities associated with the warming of the inflow, while the outflow maintains its original density until 2070. The lightening of the inflow leads to a sign change in the density-space overturning through the straits in high density classes. Both the Fram Strait inflow and outflow strengthen over the twenty-first century, enhancing the overturning. This overturning pattern change strengthens OHT by 0.05 PW from 1920 to 1930 and from 2090 to 2100, accounting for over half of the total OHT increase over that period. Significance Statement The Arctic Ocean is warming over twice as fast as the rest of the world. This phenomenon is closely associated with an increase in the ocean heat transport (OHT) into the Arctic. The Fram Strait and the Barents Sea Opening play a particularly important role in increasing this heat input into the Arctic, partially linked to the overturning circulation at the two straits. Here, we analyze the overturning at these two Arctic gateways in 100 simulations from the same global climate model from 1920 to 2100. We find that during the twentieth century, the overturning is associated with inflow at high densities and outflow at lighter densities. However, over the course of the twenty-first century, the inflow through the two straits lightens greatly, while the outflowing water remains heavy until the later part of the century. This leads to a sign change in the overturning, and the pattern change significantly enhances OHT.

中文摘要

摘要 北冰洋的变暖速率是全球平均速率的两倍以上，这一现象与进入北冰洋的海洋热输送增强密切相关。弗拉姆海峡和巴伦支海开口作为增加进入北冰洋海洋热输送（OHT）的通道，发挥着尤为重要的作用，这部分与这两个海峡的翻转环流有关。本文利用社区地球系统模型第二版大集合模拟，分析了1920年至2100年间这些北极门户的翻转环流。我们特别考察了气候态翻转环流，确定了其在气候强迫下的变化方式，并量化了其对海洋热输送的贡献。研究发现，在二十世纪，翻转环流表现为在高密度层有净流入、在低密度层有净流出北冰洋的特征。然而，从二十一世纪初开始，通过弗拉姆海峡和巴伦支海开口的流入转向密度低得多的水团，这与流入水团的变暖有关，而流出水团直到2070年仍保持其原有密度。流入水团的变轻导致通过海峡的高密度等级密度空间翻转环流发生符号变化。在整个二十一世纪，弗拉姆海峡的流入和流出均增强，从而加强了翻转环流。这种翻转环流模式的变化使得1920年至1930年及2090年至2100年间的OHT增强了0.05 PW，占该时期OHT总增幅的一半以上。意义声明 北冰洋的变暖速度是全球其他地区的两倍以上。这一现象与进入北冰洋的海洋热输送（OHT）增加密切相关。弗拉姆海峡和巴伦支海开口在增加进入北极的热量输入方面发挥着尤为重要的作用，这部分与这两个海峡的翻转环流有关。本文利用同一全球气候模型的100次模拟，分析了1920年至2100年间这两个北极门户的翻转环流。研究发现，在二十世纪，翻转环流表现为高密度水团流入和较轻密度水团流出。然而，在二十一世纪进程中，通过这两个海峡的流入水团大幅变轻，而流出水团在本世纪后期之前一直保持较重状态。这导致翻转环流发生符号变化，且这种模式变化显著增强了OHT。

41. GRL — Detecting an Ocean Inside Callisto With Geodetic Measurements From Europa Clipper and Juice

Abstract

Abstract Determining whether Callisto hosts a subsurface ocean, and the implications for material and energy transport through its hydrosphere, is of high interest to NASA’s Europa Clipper and ESA’s Juice missions. A recent reanalysis of Galileo magnetometer data strengthens the ocean hypothesis, but definitive confirmation awaits new measurements. We assess how Callisto’s interior properties and presence or absence of an ocean affect observable quantities, including tidal response and dissipation, rotation‐rate variations, and spin‐axis obliquity. In addition to the well‐known influence of an ocean, we find that these quantities are strongly affected by viscoelastic deformations. As a result, measurements of a single quantity will likely be insufficient to confirm the presence of an ocean, but the combination of two of them will provide a conclusive test. Based on the expected performances of Juice and Europa Clipper investigations, pairing Callisto’s tidal response with either tidal dissipation or obliquity will provide a robust test.

中文摘要

摘要 确定木卫三（Callisto）是否拥有地下海洋，及其对通过水圈进行物质和能量传输的影响，是美国国家航空航天局（NASA）的欧罗巴快船号（Europa Clipper）和欧洲空间局（ESA）的果汁号（Juice）任务高度关注的问题。近期对伽利略号磁力计数据的重新分析加强了海洋假说，但最终确认仍需新的测量数据。我们评估了木卫三的内部特性及海洋存在与否如何影响可观测量，包括潮汐响应与耗散、自转速率变化以及自转轴倾角。除了众所周知的海洋影响外，我们发现这些量还受到粘弹性变形的强烈影响。因此，单一量的测量可能不足以确认海洋的存在，但其中两个量的组合将提供决定性的检验。基于Juice和Europa Clipper任务的预期性能，将木卫三的潮汐响应与潮汐耗散或自转轴倾角配对将提供稳健的检验。

42. JC — Wintertime Trends of Ross Sea Polynya Areas Linked to Tropical Convection and Atmospheric Teleconnection

Abstract

Abstract This study investigates changes in the wintertime areas of the Ross Ice Shelf Polynya (RISP) and Terra Nova Bay Polynya (TNBP) over the period 1979–2023, using self-organizing map (SOM) and regression analysis. The results reveal that anomalous wind fields and turbulent heat fluxes effectively explain variations in the areas of both polynyas. The RISP shows a significant decreasing trend in the wintertime area, whereas the increasing trend in the TNBP area does not reach statistical significance. Nine SOM nodes collectively account for 98% of the negative trend in the RISP area, whereas their contribution to the TNBP trend is positive, but comparatively weak. Regression analyses suggest that the enhanced convective activity over the tropical eastern Indian Ocean can induce a southeastward-propagating wave train, which increases the zonal pressure gradient and strengthens southerly winds over the Ross Sea—favorable conditions for RISP expansion. Similarly, increased convective activity over the Maritime Continent triggers a southward and southeastward wave train that enhances the meridional pressure gradient, which is associated with the variability in the TNBP area. Significance Statement Over the past four decades, the Ross Ice Shelf Polynya (RISP) has experienced a statistically significant decrease in wintertime area, while the increasing trend in the Terra Nova Bay Polynya (TNBP) area is not statistically significant. Both polynyas are located in the Ross Sea of Antarctica. This study reveals the distinct mechanisms behind these differing trends and establishes teleconnections with tropical convective activity over the Indian and Pacific Oceans. By identifying these links, the study offers new insight into the drivers of polynya variability and highlights the role of low-latitude sea surface temperature and convection changes in shaping climate variability in the Ross Sea.

中文摘要

摘要 本研究利用自组织映射（SOM）和回归分析，探讨了1979–2023年期间罗斯冰架冰间湖（RISP）和特拉诺瓦湾冰间湖（TNBP）冬季面积的变化。结果表明，异常风场和湍流热通量能有效解释两个冰间湖面积的变化。RISP冬季面积呈显著下降趋势，而TNBP面积的增加趋势未达到统计显著性。九个SOM节点共同解释了RISP面积负趋势的98%，而它们对TNBP趋势的贡献虽为正，但相对较弱。回归分析提示，热带东印度洋增强的对流活动可诱发向东南传播的波列，增大纬向气压梯度，并加强罗斯海上空的偏南风，这有利于RISP的扩展。同样，海洋大陆区域对流活动的增强触发了向南和向东南传播的波列，增强了经向气压梯度，这与TNBP面积的变化相关联。意义声明 在过去四十年中，罗斯冰架冰间湖（RISP）的冬季面积经历了统计上显著的减少，而特拉诺瓦湾冰间湖（TNBP）面积的增加趋势则不显著。这两个冰间湖均位于南极洲的罗斯海。本研究揭示了这些不同趋势背后的独特机制，并建立了与印度洋和太平洋热带对流活动的遥相关。通过识别这些联系，本研究为冰间湖变化的驱动因素提供了新见解，并强调了低纬度海表温度和对流变化在塑造罗斯海气候变率中的作用。

43. GRL — First Assessment of ICESat‐2 Summer Sea Ice Freeboard With Airborne Validation

  • 作者：Ellen M. Buckley, Sahra Kacimi, Melinda Webster, Siddarth Harrison, Kutalmis Saylam, Nathan T. Kurtz, Rachel L. Tilling
  • 发表日期：2026-08-06
  • DOI：https://doi.org/10.1029/2026gl124704

Abstract

Abstract ICESat‐2 has demonstrated solid performance in retrieving sea ice freeboard during winter, when sea ice surface types are well‐defined and leads provide reliable sea surface height references. Summer retrievals are challenging because melt ponds are not explicitly distinguished in the ATL07 surface classification and may be identified as ice or leads. Here we assess ICESat‐2 summer sea ice observations using airborne LiDAR and imagery collected along near‐coincident ground tracks during a July 2022 calibration and validation campaign. Over a ∼50‐km Arctic sea ice transect, we compare ICESat‐2 surface classifications, elevations, and freeboards with high‐resolution airborne measurements. Melt ponds are generally not selected as sea surface height references in the ICESat‐2 freeboard retrieval. ICESat‐2 and airborne surface heights agree well (R 0.9) and there are minimal freeboard differences (−0.05 0.12 m to 0.01 0.10 m). ICESat‐2 summer freeboard retrievals are largely unaffected by melt pond misclassification, supporting the potential for year‐round sea ice thickness monitoring.

中文摘要

摘要 ICESat-2在冬季海冰干舷反演中表现出色，此时海冰表面类型明确，冰间水道为海面高度提供了可靠的参考。夏季反演面临挑战，因为融池在ATL07表面分类中未被明确区分，可能被识别为冰或水道。本文利用2022年7月校准与验证活动中沿近重合地面轨迹采集的机载激光雷达和影像数据，评估ICESat-2夏季海冰观测。在约50公里的北极海冰断面上，我们比较了ICESat-2的表面分类、高程和干舷与高分辨率机载测量结果。融池通常未被选为ICESat-2干舷反演中的海面高度参考。ICESat-2与机载表面高度吻合良好（R 0.9），干舷差异极小（−0.05 0.12米至0.01 0.10米）。ICESat-2夏季干舷反演基本不受融池误分类影响，支持全年海冰厚度监测的潜力。

44. Communications Earth & Environment — Tropical and North Pacific coupling at decadal timescales shapes basin variability and marine heatwaves

Abstract

Communications Earth & Environment, Published online: 05 August 2026; doi:10.1038/s43247-026-03864-7 The North Pacific - Central Pacific climate mode accounts for a large fraction of decadal variance in both tropical and North Pacific regions, according to analysis of sea surface temperature and height data.

中文摘要

《通讯-地球与环境》，在线发表于2026年8月5日；doi:10.1038/s43247-026-03864-7 根据对海表温度和海面高度数据的分析，北太平洋-中太平洋气候模态解释了热带和北太平洋地区年代际变率的很大一部分。

边缘相关条目

命中物理海洋学关键词，但同时涉及其他学科领域，仅供参考。

  • JAMES — The ASTE‐BGC Data‐Assimilative Regional Ocean Biogeochemical Model（DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ms004976）
    • 命中: data assimilation
    • 排除: phytoplankton
  • Nature Geoscience — Disconnection of the late Pliocene Agulhas Leakage from Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation（DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-026-02055-5）
    • 命中: overturning circulation, front, Southern Ocean
    • 排除: sediment

待人工核实

元数据缺失（摘要 / DOI / 作者），需人工核查后再纳入。

  • JPO — Corrigendum
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-25-0189.1
  • JPO — Journal Information and Table of Contents
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短; 作者列表缺失
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-568cover
  • Ocean Modelling — Reconstructing the spatiotemporal evolution of internal solitary wave profiles from SAR observations using a numerically-guided physics-informed neural network
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102779
  • Ocean Modelling — VMD-SSTM: A sea surface temperature forecast model based on multi-scale information in the Western Indian Ocean
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102768
  • Ocean Modelling — Characterization of the climate-change-induced major floods on the southeast Australian coast
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102755
  • Ocean Modelling — Lagrangian pathways and wind-modulated dynamics of cross-shelf transport in the Northern South China Sea: A case study of June 2020
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102753
  • Ocean Modelling — Surrogate-assisted global calibration of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic lake model using machine learning
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102777
  • Ocean Modelling — Reduced-order surrogates for forced flexible mesh coastal-ocean models
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102772
  • Ocean Modelling — Seamless hydro-morphological simulation of nearshore sandbar migration across storm phases
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102769
  • Ocean Modelling — Nonlinear wave transformation across a beach platform backed by a coastal dune: A physical modelling study
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102784
  • Ocean Modelling — Editorial Board
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短; 作者列表缺失
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1463-5003(26)00118-6
  • Ocean Modelling — Effects of nitrate supply and light attenuation from the Zhe-Min Coastal Water and Hanjiang River plume on winter phytoplankton off eastern Guangdong
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102756
  • Ocean Modelling — Inferring upper-ocean submesoscale ageostrophic dynamics using a physics-informed constrained deep learning framework
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102771
  • Ocean Modelling — Quantifying the effects of tsunamigenic factors during the 2025 Mw 8.8 Kamchatka earthquake
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102776
  • Ocean Modelling — Quantifying wave-current interaction effects on wave energy resources of high energy sites
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102773
  • Ocean Modelling — Sensitivity of simulated storm surge to tropical cyclone wind forcing around islands: insights from Hurricane Irma
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102780
  • Ocean Modelling — Deep learning weather models for subregional ocean forecasting: A case study on the Canary current upwelling system
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102782
  • Ocean Modelling — Tsunami amplification mechanisms in Iida Bay, Japan, following the 2024 Mw 7.5 Noto Peninsula earthquake: Toward improving tsunami warning systems
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102764
  • Ocean Modelling — Argo trajectory-derived current assimilation and its impact on the mid-layer circulation in the South China Sea
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102770
  • Ocean Modelling — OCSMesh and an automated creek-to-ocean mesh generation workflow
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102774
  • Ocean Modelling — Storm surge in semi-enclosed sea controlled by remote wind forcing: A case study of the Bohai Sea, China
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102785
  • Ocean Modelling — Comparative analysis of vortex dynamics: Hyperbolic and Elliptic Point Tracking Algorithm – HEPTA vs. Angular Momentum Eddy Detection and Tracking Algorithm – AMEDA
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102765
  • Ocean Modelling — Influence of typhoon on upwelling dynamics over a coastal valley in the northwestern Taiwan strait
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102788
  • Ocean Modelling — On the genesis and development of coastal submesoscale eddies in the Northwestern Black Sea shelf
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102749
  • Ocean Modelling — Performance of parametric, physics-based, and blended approaches for hurricane atmospheric forcing in storm surge, wave, and flood modelling
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102781
  • Ocean Modelling — Effects of vertical mixing schemes on South China Sea SST forecasts in HYCOM
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102786
  • Ocean Modelling — Detection of surface submesoscale fronts in the Atlantic Ocean
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102787
  • Ocean Modelling — Parameter optimization and the variational estimation in marine water quality modelling
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102778
  • Ocean Modelling — An ALE approach to reduce spurious numerical mixing through variational minimizers: Application to internal waves
    • 缺失项: 摘要缺失或过短
    • 链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102775