本期覆盖 2026-09-04 至 2026-09-11，共收录高置信度文章 19 篇，边缘相关 0 篇，待人工核实 0 篇。

本周亮点

亮点 1：Seasonality of fine-scale turbulence in the Mediterranean Sea observed from space

期刊：Communications Earth & Environment ｜ DOI：https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-04046-1

English summary

This study presents a novel satellite-based method to observe fine-scale turbulence in the Mediterranean Sea, revealing its seasonal cycle. The approach overcomes traditional limitations of sparse in-situ measurements, providing unprecedented spatial and temporal coverage. The findings show that turbulence intensity peaks in winter due to enhanced surface cooling and wind forcing, while summer stratification suppresses it. This work represents a significant methodological breakthrough in ocean turbulence observation, with implications for understanding vertical mixing and its role in climate.

中文解读

该研究提出了一种基于卫星观测地中海细尺度湍流的新方法，揭示了其季节变化规律。该方法克服了传统现场观测稀疏的局限，提供了前所未有的时空覆盖。结果显示，湍流强度在冬季因表面冷却和风强迫增强而达到峰值，夏季层结则抑制了湍流。这项工作在海洋湍流观测方面取得了重大方法学突破，对理解垂直混合及其在气候中的作用具有重要意义。

亮点 2：Surface Expression of the Kuroshio Extension Northern Recirculation Gyre

期刊：GRL ｜ DOI：https://doi.org/10.1029/2026gl123438

English summary

This paper challenges the traditional view that the Northern Recirculation Gyre (NRG) of the Kuroshio Extension is subsurface-intensified and lacks surface expression. By combining a 2016–2025 mooring record, satellite altimetry, and Argo data, the authors demonstrate a clear surface signature of the NRG-related westward flow. The results show low-frequency covariability across depths and a westward time-mean structure, suggesting that the NRG is not purely a subsurface feature. This finding has important implications for understanding the dynamics of western boundary current recirculation and air-sea interaction.

中文解读

本文挑战了黑潮延伸体北部再循环环流（NRG）传统上被认为是次表层强化且难以在表面识别的观点。通过结合2016-2025年的潜标记录、卫星测高和Argo数据，作者证明了NRG相关的西向流具有明显的表面信号。结果表明，不同深度存在低频协变性和西向时间平均结构，表明NRG并非纯粹的次表层特征。这一发现对理解西边界流再循环动力学和海气相互作用具有重要意义。

文章详览

1. JPO — Coherent subinertial variations of the Soya and Tsushima Currents under the Japan Sea Throughflow System

Abstract

Abstract The Japan Sea Throughflow consists of the inflowing Tsushima Current and the outflowing Tsugaru and Soya Currents. This study elucidates the remote connection among these three currents at subinertial timescales, based on overlapping bottom-mounted ADCP observations in the Soya and Tsushima/Korea Straits, together with sea-level analyses. The most prominent feature linking the Soya and Tsushima Currents is the high squared coherence (>0.7) at 4–6-day periods during December–February, with the Soya Current leading by ∼0.5 days. This result indicates that subinertial variability originates in the Soya Strait and propagates to the Tsushima/Korea Strait via gravity or Kelvin waves. The strong subinertial variability of the Soya Current in winter is driven by alongshore wind stress along the Okhotsk coast via coastally trapped waves (CTWs). Southward wind stress raises sea level along the Okhotsk coast via CTWs, reducing the sea-level difference across the Soya Strait, which in turn weakens the Soya Current and subsequently the Tsushima Current. Conversely, northward wind stress has the opposite effect. A second notable feature is that all three currents exhibit high coherence at 2–4-day periods with atmospheric pressure averaged over the Japan Sea ( Pa ), particularly in spring. The phase relationships suggest that these variabilities can be explained by Helmholtz-like resonance mechanism, first proposed by Lyu et al. (2002). Finally, we consider that CTWs do not play a significant role in linking subinertial variability between the straits.

中文摘要

摘要 日本海贯穿流由流入的对马暖流以及流出的津轻暖流和宗谷暖流组成。本研究基于宗谷海峡和对马/朝鲜海峡中重叠的坐底式ADCP观测资料，并结合海平面分析，阐明了这三支海流在次惯性时间尺度上的远距离联系。连接宗谷暖流和对马暖流的最显著特征是在12月至2月期间，4至6天周期上具有高平方相干性（>0.7），且宗谷暖流超前约0.5天。这一结果表明，次惯性变率起源于宗谷海峡，并通过重力波或Kelvin波传播至对马/朝鲜海峡。冬季宗谷暖流强烈的次惯性变率由沿鄂霍次克海岸的沿岸风应力通过海岸陷波（CTWs）驱动。南向风应力通过CTWs沿鄂霍次克海岸抬高海平面，减小了宗谷海峡两侧的海平面差，进而削弱宗谷暖流，随后削弱对马暖流。反之，北向风应力则产生相反的效果。第二个显著特征是，三支海流在2至4天周期上均与日本海区域平均大气压（ Pa ）表现出高相干性，尤其在春季。相位关系表明，这些变率可以通过Helmholtz型共振机制来解释，该机制最早由Lyu等（2002）提出。最后，我们认为CTWs在连接两海峡之间的次惯性变率方面并未发挥显著作用。

2. JPO — Energy convergence of locally and remotely generated internal tides into a shallow shelf break

  • 作者：Eiji Masunaga, L. Shogo Urakawa, Kei Sakamoto, Anne Takahashi, Eisuke Tsutsumi, Toshimi Nakajima, Sachihiko Itoh
  • 发表日期：2026-09-09
  • DOI：https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-26-0003.1

Abstract

Abstract This study presents internal tide dynamics over a shallow shelf break off mainland Japan investigated using a high-resolution numerical model—the Meteorological Research Institute Community Ocean Model (MRI.COM). The model results reproduce the vertical structure of semidiurnal internal tides in good agreement with mooring observations. Additionally, the frequency characteristics of kinetic energy show strong consistency between the model and observations up to approximately 4.6 × 10 −5 s −1 (4 cycles/day). The model successfully reproduces the internal wave continuum with a −2 spectral slope at time scales down to several hours. Internal tide energy at the study site is enhanced by two mechanisms: (1) locally generated internal tides over continental slopes and (2) remotely generated internal tides propagating from a shallow ridge located south of the study area. Internal tide energy radiates toward the shallow shelf-break region, accompanied by vertical energy convergence, which ultimately leads to energy dissipation. This convergence produces a band-like zone of elevated internal tide energy aligned with isobaths of approximately 100–1000 m. Enhanced internal tide energy dissipation is observed along the shallow rim of the shelf break, particularly along isobaths of 100–200 m. Notably, internal tides strongly amplify kinetic energy within the bottom boundary layer, especially by up to a factor of 10 in submarine canyons, indicating that internal tides play a critical role in bottom boundary-layer processes over the shelf break.

中文摘要

摘要 本研究利用高分辨率数值模式——气象研究所社区海洋模式（MRI.COM），对日本本土外浅层陆架坡折处的内潮动力学进行了研究。模式结果再现了半日内潮的垂向结构，与锚系观测结果吻合良好。此外，动能频率特征在直至约4.6 × 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹（4 周期/天）的范围内，模式与观测之间表现出高度一致性。模式成功再现了时间尺度低至数小时的内波连续谱，其谱斜率为−2。研究区域的内潮能量受到两种机制的增强：（1）陆坡处局地生成的内潮，以及（2）从研究区域以南一处浅脊远程生成并传播而来的内潮。内潮能量向浅层陆架坡折区域辐射，并伴随垂向能量辐聚，最终导致能量耗散。这种辐聚形成了一条沿约100–1000 m等深线分布的带状内潮能量高值区。在陆架坡折的浅层边缘，尤其是沿100–200 m等深线，观测到内潮能量耗散增强。值得注意的是，内潮强烈放大了底边界层内的动能，尤其是在海底峡谷中可放大达10倍，表明内潮在陆架坡折处的底边界层过程中起着关键作用。

3. JPO — Gulf of Alaska Coastal Water Transport Pathways and Implications for Ecosystem Response

Abstract

Abstract The Alaska subpolar gyre is a high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll system in which offshore productivity depends on exchange with iron- and macronutrient-rich coastal waters. Mesoscale eddies are the primary mechanism for export of nutrient-rich coastal waters offshore, and their formation is strongly linked to large-scale atmospheric forcing associated with the Aleutian Low (AL), which seasonally modulates regional wind stress, circulation, and eddy generation. Recent marine heatwaves, including the 2013–14 Blob, the 2015–16 El Niño, and the 2019 Alaska heatwave, were associated with distinct climate anomalies that altered atmospheric circulation and modulated the AL, raising questions about how coastal export responds to prolonged climate extremes. Here, we examine variability in Gulf of Alaska coastal transport pathways over 1993–2025, using Lagrangian particle tracking in a high-resolution ocean reanalysis product. We identify three dominant pathways: transport along the mean gyre circulation, offshore export via mesoscale eddies, and coastal retention. Variability in these pathways is primarily linked to atmospheric sea level pressure, local wind stress and wind stress curl, and eddy kinetic energy. Despite weakened circulation and reduced eddy formation during the prolonged marine heatwave conditions between 2013 and 2019, offshore export through the eddy pathway persisted and even periodically intensified during El Niño events. In contrast, transport along the mean gyre circulation declined significantly. These findings suggest that the reorganization of ocean transport pathways can act as a dynamic resilience mechanism for ecosystem response during such extreme conditions.

中文摘要

摘要 阿拉斯加副极地环流是一个高营养盐、低叶绿素系统，其离岸生产力依赖于与富含铁和大营养盐的沿岸水体的交换。中尺度涡旋是富营养沿岸水向离岸输出的主要机制，其形成与阿留申低压（AL）相关的大尺度大气强迫密切相关，后者季节性调制区域风应力、环流和涡旋生成。近年来的海洋热浪事件，包括2013–14年的Blob、2015–16年的El Niño以及2019年阿拉斯加热浪，均与显著的气候异常相关联，这些异常改变了大气环流并调制了AL，从而引发了关于沿岸输出如何响应持续性气候极端事件的疑问。本文利用高分辨率海洋再分析产品中的拉格朗日粒子追踪方法，研究了1993–2025年阿拉斯加湾沿岸输运路径的变率。我们识别出三条主导路径：沿平均环流输运、通过中尺度涡旋的离岸输出以及沿岸滞留。这些路径的变率主要与大气海平面气压、局地风应力和风应力旋度以及涡动能相关。尽管在2013至2019年持续的海洋热浪条件下环流减弱、涡旋生成减少，但通过涡旋路径的离岸输出仍然持续，甚至在El Niño事件期间周期性增强。相比之下，沿平均环流的输运显著下降。这些发现表明，海洋输运路径的重组可以作为此类极端条件下生态系统响应的动态恢复力机制。

4. JPO — Towards Opening the Black Box of Ocean Wave Learning: From Feature-Mixing Networks to Functional Relationships

Abstract

Abstract Ocean surface waves in mixed sea states, where locally generated wind-sea coexists with remotely generated swell, remain difficult to parameterize in Earth System Models. A basic physical question is which minimal set of variables governs the wave height, and what relationships connect them. Deep learning can predict wave height accurately, but its black-box nature obscures these relationships. We address this with a stationary, diagnostic workflow that combines a deep feature-mixing neural network, an explainability analysis (Integrated Gradients), and symbolic regression; it is not a forecasting tool and does not produce future wave states. Using ERA5 reanalysis data and dimensionless variables motivated by wave-similarity theory, the neural network first establishes a predictive benchmark for the dimensionless significant wave height (a mean absolute percentage error, MAPE Ω = 21.04%, in the South Atlantic). The explainability analysis identifies the wave age β and the directional spectral partitions as the dominant drivers, a ranking that remains stable across basins even as predictive accuracy degrades. The symbolic-regression step, implemented with SymbWaves, then searches for compact equations linking these variables, distilling them into concise relationships: a linear wind-sea relation ( y ≈ 0.2 β ), basin-stable to within 3.5%, and a swell power-law relation ( y ∝ β 1.8 ) with common exponent and amplitudes agreeing within ∼15%. A directionally modulated swell relation further resolves the dependence on swell direction and identifies a hemispheric sign inversion that reflects the poleward origin of swell in each basin. The recovered relationships are compact and physically interpretable.

中文摘要

摘要 在混合海况中，局地生成的风浪与远地生成的涌浪共存，其海面波浪在地球系统模型中仍难以参数化。一个基本的物理问题是：哪一组最小变量控制波高，以及它们之间存在何种关系。深度学习可以准确预测波高，但其黑箱性质掩盖了这些关系。我们通过一个平稳的诊断性工作流程来解决这一问题，该流程结合了深度特征混合神经网络、可解释性分析（积分梯度）和符号回归；它不是预报工具，也不产生未来波浪状态。利用ERA5再分析数据和由波浪相似理论启发的无量纲变量，神经网络首先为无量纲有效波高建立了预测基准（在南大西洋的平均绝对百分比误差，MAPE Ω = 21.04%）。可解释性分析识别出波龄β和方向谱分区为主要驱动因子，这一排序在各海盆之间保持稳定，即使预测精度下降亦然。符号回归步骤通过SymbWaves实现，随后搜索连接这些变量的紧凑方程，将其提炼为简洁关系：线性风浪关系（ y ≈ 0.2 β ），在海盆间稳定至3.5%以内；以及涌浪幂律关系（ y ∝ β 1.8 ），其共同指数和振幅在约15%以内一致。一个方向调制涌浪关系进一步解析了对涌浪方向的依赖，并识别出反映各海盆涌浪向极地来源的半球符号反转。所恢复的关系紧凑且具有物理可解释性。

5. JC — A new diagnostic of air-sea interaction reveals ocean control of turbulent heat flux in the South Asian Summer Monsoon

Abstract

Abstract Air-sea interaction plays a central role in the South Asian summer monsoon through exchanges of heat, moisture, and momentum between the ocean and atmosphere. The air-sea heat flux responds to internal variability in the ocean and atmosphere and to feedbacks arising from their interaction. Depending on whether SST drives turbulent heat flux or vice versa, the interaction may be classified as ocean- or atmosphere-controlled. We develop a method to quantify the air-sea interaction regime for each location and day of year by analyzing lagged correlations between SST and turbulent heat flux records from satellite observations or reanalysis. We apply this method to the northern Indian Ocean and find that the basin exhibits a coherent shift from atmosphere control to ocean control during the summer monsoon onset and a return to atmosphere control during the monsoon retreat, highlighting the importance of oceanic processes such as advection and entrainment. The Arabian Sea exhibits a more pronounced shift between atmosphere and ocean control than the Bay of Bengal, suggesting the importance of upper-ocean stratification and mixing in regulating turbulent heat flux. The diagnosed regimes agree well between blended satellite products and reanalysis, demonstrating robustness across datasets. Comparison with a partial mixed layer heat budget from mooring deployments in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal supports the physical interpretation of the diagnosed air-sea interaction regimes, with particularly good agreement in the Arabian Sea. Our method may provide a useful diagnostic for evaluating air-sea interaction within coupled models of the ocean and atmosphere.

中文摘要

摘要：海气相互作用通过海洋与大气之间热量、水汽和动量的交换，在南亚夏季风系统中发挥着核心作用。海气热通量响应于海洋和大气的内部变率以及二者相互作用产生的反馈。根据海表温度（SST）驱动湍流热通量还是反之，这种相互作用可被归类为海洋控制型或大气控制型。我们开发了一种方法，通过分析来自卫星观测或再分析资料的SST与湍流热通量记录之间的滞后相关，来量化每个位置和每年每日的海气相互作用 regime。我们将该方法应用于北印度洋，发现该海盆在夏季风爆发期间表现出从大气控制向海洋控制的连贯转变，并在季风撤退期间回归大气控制，凸显了平流和夹卷等海洋过程的重要性。阿拉伯海在大气控制与海洋控制之间的转变比孟加拉湾更为显著，表明上层海洋层结和混合在调控湍流热通量中的重要性。所诊断的 regime 在融合卫星产品和再分析资料之间吻合良好，证明了跨数据集的稳健性。与阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾锚系观测得到的部分混合层热量收支的比较，支持了所诊断海气相互作用 regime 的物理解释，其中在阿拉伯海的一致性尤为良好。我们的方法可为评估海洋-大气耦合模式中的海气相互作用提供有用的诊断工具。

6. JC — Isolating the contribution of local and non-local shortwave flux biases towards climatological sea surface temperature and precipitation biases within a coupled climate model

Abstract

Abstract Coupled climate models suffer from persistent climatological biases in sea surface temperature (SST). The exact causes of these biases are often difficult to diagnose given the complex ocean-atmosphere interactions underpinning the seasonal cycle within these regions. Here, we investigate the possibility of reducing these biases within both low- and medium- resolution configurations of a fully-coupled climate model (CESM) by globally, and regionally, replacing the net shortwave (SW net ) flux at the surface with climatological values derived from Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy Systems (CERES)-Energy Balanced And Filled (EBAF). This approach reduces the global mean SST bias. While the SST biases are reduced in several regions, such as the northern hemisphere subtropical gyres and the Pacific cold tongue, biases persist in some regions, notably the Southern Ocean. The persistence of these biases despite the shortwave forcing being correct points to shortcomings in other processes controlling the net surface heat flux, including the representation of surface mixed-layer processes in the ocean component. Additional regional replacement experiments highlight the contribution of both local and nonlocal biases in shortwave forcing towards SST biases.

中文摘要

摘要 耦合气候模式在海表温度（SST）方面存在持续的气候态偏差。鉴于这些区域内季节循环所依赖的复杂海气相互作用，这些偏差的确切原因往往难以诊断。本文研究了通过在全球和区域尺度上，将地表净短波（SW net）通量替换为来自云与地球辐射能量系统（CERES）-能量平衡与填充（EBAF）的气候态值，来减少全耦合气候模式（CESM）在低分辨率和中分辨率配置下这些偏差的可能性。该方法减小了全球平均SST偏差。虽然在北半球副热带环流区和太平洋冷舌等多个区域SST偏差有所减小，但在某些区域偏差仍然持续存在，尤其是南大洋。尽管短波强迫已校正，这些偏差的持续存在表明控制净地表热通量的其他过程存在不足，包括海洋分量中地表混合层过程的表征。进一步的区域替换实验凸显了短波强迫中局地和非局地偏差对SST偏差的贡献。

7. GRL — The Impact of Fronts and Eddies Under Various Melt Conditions on Antarctic Ice Shelves

Abstract

Abstract Ocean eddies are observed beneath Antarctic ice shelves, yet their role in regulating basal melting remains unclear. We use nonhydrostatic Large‐Eddy Simulations that resolve eddies and boundary‐layer turbulence to examine a baroclinically unstable salinity front that breaks into eddies. Anticyclones reorganize the density field by transporting freshwater across the front and forming subsurface isopycnal troughs, which drive upwelling within eddy cores. This vertical circulation transports warmer subsurface water toward the ice base, enhancing peak melting rates by up to double depending on the vertical thermal structure of the eddy. In contrast, cyclones produce downwelling that suppresses melting. Ekman dynamics and buoyancy‐driven density adjustment regulate the vertical circulation. The turbulence‐resolving nonhydrostatic simulations additionally capture diffusive convection that develops in warmer cavity environments, providing an additional pathway for vertical heat transport close to the ice. Simulated ocean properties and melt rates agree with recent Antarctic observations of eddy‐driven upwelling beneath ice shelves.

中文摘要

摘要 在南极冰架下方观测到海洋涡旋，但其在调控底部融化中的作用仍不明确。我们采用能够解析涡旋和边界层湍流的非静力大涡模拟，研究了一个斜压不稳定的盐度锋面破碎为涡旋的过程。反气旋涡通过跨锋面输运淡水并形成次表层等密度面槽，从而重新组织密度场，并驱动涡旋核心内的上升流。这种垂向环流将较暖的次表层水体输运至冰底，根据涡旋垂向热力结构的不同，可将峰值融化速率提高至多两倍。相比之下，气旋涡产生的下降流则抑制融化。Ekman动力学和浮力驱动的密度调整共同调控垂向环流。解析湍流的非静力模拟还捕捉到了在较暖腔体环境中发育的扩散对流，为近冰面垂向热输运提供了额外途径。模拟得到的海洋性质和融化速率与近期南极关于冰架下方涡旋驱动上升流的观测结果一致。

8. GRL — Freshwater‐Induced Surface Cooling of the Subpolar North Atlantic in a Large‐Ensemble, High‐Resolution, Coupled Model

Abstract

Abstract As a gateway between the Arctic and subtropics, the subpolar North Atlantic plays a key role in large‐scale climate variability. In recent decades, the region has experienced pronounced freshening. While much attention has been paid to the expected long‐term weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, the impact of freshwater on surface fluxes and seasonal to decadal air‐sea coupling remains poorly understood. Here, we explore the detailed mechanism by which the sea surface salinity in the subpolar gyre is linked to the local sea surface cooling with the CANARI Large Ensemble of the HadGEM3‐GC3.1 climate model. Our analyses suggest that freshwater fluxes modulate upper ocean dynamics, which enhance local cooling in winter and can explain the North Atlantic warming hole without the need to invoke large‐scale ocean circulation changes as a driver. Moreover, by shaping the local air‐sea heat fluxes, the freshening can have further‐reaching implications.

中文摘要

摘要：作为北极与副热带之间的通道，副极地北大西洋在大尺度气候变率中发挥着关键作用。近几十年来，该区域经历了显著的淡化。尽管大量研究关注于大西洋经向翻转环流预期的长期减弱，但淡水对海表通量以及季节至年代际海气耦合的影响仍认识不足。本文利用HadGEM3-GC3.1气候模式的CANARI大集合，探讨了副极地涡旋海表盐度与局地海表冷却之间联系的详细机制。我们的分析表明，淡水通量调制了上层海洋动力学，从而增强了冬季的局地冷却，并能够在无需诉诸大尺度海洋环流变化作为驱动因子的情况下解释北大西洋增暖空洞。此外，通过塑造局地海气热通量，淡化可产生更为深远的影响。

9. GRL — The Impact of ENSO on Euro‐Atlantic Circulation a Year Later via Long‐Lived Tropical SST Anomalies

Abstract

Abstract The second winter response to ENSO in the Euro‐Atlantic sector is a surprising recent discovery, however, the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain and are challenging to determine from observations. Here we revisit the second winter response to ENSO using multiple large ensemble climate model simulations to examine its robustness and possible causes. Almost all the models demonstrate a significant second winter response in the Euro‐Atlantic sector, typically resembling positive phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation and/or East Atlantic pattern, but with a large variation across models. The models have strong, long‐lived anomalies in both tropical SSTs and atmospheric angular momentum into the second winter also with variation across models. A maximum covariance analysis approach shows that the preceding tropical SST anomalies explain almost the entire Euro‐Atlantic circulation anomalies. Further analysis reveals that the long‐lived SST anomalies generate substantial tropical precipitation anomalies and associated large‐scale teleconnection patterns in the northern extratropics.

中文摘要

摘要 欧洲-大西洋区域对ENSO的第二冬季响应是近年来一个令人惊讶的发现，然而其潜在机制仍不确定，且难以从观测中确定。本文利用多个大集合气候模式模拟重新审视了ENSO的第二冬季响应，以检验其稳健性及可能成因。几乎所有模式均在欧洲-大西洋区域表现出显著的第二冬季响应，通常类似于北大西洋涛动和/或东大西洋型态的正位相，但模式间差异较大。这些模式在热带海表温度与大气角动量方面均表现出强盛且持续时间长、延伸至第二冬季的异常，模式间同样存在差异。最大协方差分析表明，前期热带海表温度异常几乎可以解释全部的欧洲-大西洋环流异常。进一步分析揭示，持续时间较长的海表温度异常产生了显著的热带降水异常，并在北半球中高纬度地区形成了与之相关的大尺度遥相关型。

10. GRL — The Maintenance of the Longitudinal Subtropical Jet Structure During Austral Winter

Abstract

Abstract The austral winter subtropical jet maintenance is analyzed by comparing the observed upper tropospheric zonal momentum budget with an idealized aquaplanet model simulation with localized tropical heating in the summer hemisphere. The model and observations show great similarity, demonstrating the dominant role of localized tropical convection in shaping the longitudinal jet structure. In both observations and the model, localized tropical convection drives a meridional flow toward the winter pole, which advects angular momentum to the upstream side of the subtropical jet, while the downstream side is maintained by zonal advection. Angular momentum is approximately conserved up to 20S in the poleward flow region, which is the Indian Ocean sector in the observations. The subtropical jet is in geostrophic balance with a stationary Rossby wave driven by tropical convection, with an anticyclone northwest of the subtropical jet, and a cyclone southeast of it.

中文摘要

摘要 通过将观测到的对流层上层纬向动量收支与一个理想化水行星模式模拟结果进行对比，分析了南半球冬季副热带急流的维持机制，该模拟在夏季半球设置了局地热带加热。模式与观测显示出高度相似性，表明局地热带对流在塑造急流经向结构中起主导作用。在观测和模式中，局地热带对流均驱动了向冬极方向的经向流，该经向流将角动量平流至副热带急流的上游侧，而下游侧则由纬向平流维持。在向极流区域，角动量在20S以内近似守恒，该区域在观测中对应印度洋扇区。副热带急流与由热带对流驱动的定常Rossby波处于地转平衡，副热带急流西北侧为反气旋，东南侧为气旋。

11. GRL — Surface Expression of the Kuroshio Extension Northern Recirculation Gyre

Abstract

Abstract The Northern Recirculation Gyre (NRG) of the Kuroshio Extension (KE) has traditionally been viewed as subsurface‐intensified and difficult to identify at the sea surface. We combine a 2016–2025 subsurface mooring record, satellite altimetry, Argo trajectory‐based velocities, and historical near‐bottom velocities to reassess the sea‐surface expression of the NRG‐related westward flow and its relation to subsurface variability. At and near the mooring site, velocities show low‐frequency covariability across sampled depths and a westward time‐mean structure. In the altimetry‐defined surface‐expression region, westward surface flow becomes clearer and more frequent in the later record, while retaining strong interannual modulation. The clearer sea‐surface expression is accompanied by local eddy–mean adjustment in the adjacent KE–NRG shear band, as indicated by barotropic‐conversion and Reynolds‐stress diagnostics.

中文摘要

黑潮延伸体（KE）的北再循环环流（NRG）传统上被视为次表层强化、难以在海表识别。我们将2016—2025年次表层锚系观测记录、卫星测高、基于Argo轨迹的速度以及历史近底流速相结合，重新评估NRG相关西向流的海表表现及其与次表层变率的关系。在锚系站位及其附近，速度在采样深度上呈现低频共变，并具有西向时间平均结构。在测高所定义的海表表现区域，西向表层流在后期记录中变得更加清晰且更为频繁，同时仍保留强烈的年际调制。更清晰的海表表现伴随着相邻KE–NRG剪切带中的局地涡旋–平均流调整，正压转换和雷诺应力诊断结果对此有所指示。

12. JC — Effect of accumulated energy variation of pelagic tropical cyclones over the Northeast Pacific on El Niño spatial diversity

Abstract

Abstract Pelagic tropical cyclones (TCs) over the Northeast Pacific (ENP) do not make landfall, so they have not been paid enough attention. This study explores the impact of these tropical cyclones (TCs) on El Niño diversity, based on both traditional and new classifications of El Niño spatial patterns using accumulated cyclone energy (ACE). The results indicate that when the preceding ENP ACE is strong, it favors the development of eastern-Pacific (EP) El Niño events; conversely, when the preceding ENP ACE is weak, it favors the development of central-Pacific (CP) El Niño events. The modulation of TCs on the low-level wind field is the key process: by influencing the low-level wind field, stronger/weaker ENP ACE induces a stronger reversed Walker circulation anomaly/Walker circulation anomaly and a smaller/larger east-west thermocline gradient. Consequently, the west-to-east transport of warm water over the western Pacific is enhanced/weakened. The center of maximum positive SST anomalies is then located in the equatorial eastern/central Pacific, facilitating the development of the EP/CP El Niño event. Importantly, this feedback is independent of SST persistence. Moreover, in the process of ENP ACE influencing the development of El Niño diversity, Ekman pumping feedback and zonal advection feedback make the largest contributions to the sea water temperature anomaly tendency when the preceding ACE is strong, with thermocline feedback following these two. When the preceding ACE is weak, Ekman pumping feedback is the largest contributor to the sea water temperature anomaly tendency, followed by meridional advection.

中文摘要

摘要 东北太平洋（ENP）上的远洋热带气旋（TCs）不会登陆，因此未受到足够关注。本研究基于利用累积气旋能量（ACE）对厄尔尼诺空间格局的传统分类和新分类，探讨了这些热带气旋（TCs）对厄尔尼诺多样性的影响。结果表明，当前期ENP ACE偏强时，有利于东太平洋（EP）厄尔尼诺事件的发展；反之，当前期ENP ACE偏弱时，有利于中太平洋（CP）厄尔尼诺事件的发展。热带气旋对低层风场的调制是关键过程：通过影响低层风场，较强/较弱的ENP ACE诱发较强/较弱的沃克环流异常反向/沃克环流异常以及较小/较大的东西向温跃层梯度。因此，西太平洋暖水自西向东的输送增强/减弱。最大正SST异常中心随后位于赤道东太平洋/中太平洋，有利于EP/CP厄尔尼诺事件的发展。重要的是，这一反馈独立于SST持续性。此外，在ENP ACE影响厄尔尼诺多样性发展的过程中，当前期ACE偏强时，Ekman抽吸反馈和纬向平流反馈对海水温度异常倾向的贡献最大，温跃层反馈紧随其后。当前期ACE偏弱时，Ekman抽吸反馈对海水温度异常倾向的贡献最大，其次是经向平流。

13. JC — Zonal Asymmetry of the Belt-like Dynamic Sea Level Change in the Southern Ocean

Abstract

Abstract Satellite altimetry (1993–2024) reveals that the Southern Ocean dynamic sea level (DSL) exhibits a distinct belt-like pattern, with smaller rises south of 50°S and larger rises to the north. This zonal belt is not uniform but strongly asymmetric, with the largest DSL increase in the Pacific sector and weaker changes in the Atlantic and Indian sectors. These pronounced Pacific anomalies are primarily driven by internal climate variability, particularly the phase transition of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). The IPO during 1993–2024 induces a zonal wind stress curl dipole in the Pacific sector, forcing a distinct belt-like sea level pattern that dominates the observed zonal asymmetry. However, this observed pattern starkly diverges from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) multi-model mean. By filtering out internal climate variability, the models project a diametrically opposite zonal asymmetry, with the most robust DSL changes in the Indian and Atlantic sectors, while the Pacific response remains comparatively weak. Single forcing experiments from CMIP6-FAFMIP and an ocean general circulation model indicate that surface heat flux leads this forced zonal asymmetry, while wind stress forcing mainly contributes to zonally symmetric changes. Furthermore, freshwater hosing experiments suggest that buoyancy-forced weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) enhances the belt-like DSL signal predominantly in the Indian and Atlantic sectors, thereby reinforcing the zonal asymmetry in the forced response.

中文摘要

摘要 卫星测高数据（1993—2024年）揭示，南大洋动力海平面（DSL）呈现出明显的带状分布格局，即50°S以南上升幅度较小，以北上升幅度较大。该纬向带并非均匀分布，而是呈现强烈的非对称性，其中太平洋扇区的DSL增幅最大，而大西洋和印度洋扇区变化较弱。这些显著的太平洋异常主要由内部气候变率驱动，尤其是年代际太平洋振荡（IPO）的位相转换。1993—2024年期间的IPO在太平洋扇区诱导出纬向风应力旋度偶极子，强迫产生明显的带状海平面格局，主导了观测到的纬向非对称性。然而，这一观测格局与耦合模式比较计划第六阶段（CMIP6）多模式均值存在显著差异。通过滤除内部气候变率后，模式预估出一种截然相反的纬向非对称性，即印度洋和大西洋扇区的DSL变化最为稳健，而太平洋响应则相对较弱。CMIP6-FAFMIP的单强迫试验及一个海洋环流模式表明，表面热通量主导了该强迫纬向非对称性，而风应力强迫主要贡献于纬向对称变化。此外，淡水注入试验表明，浮力强迫引起的北大西洋经向翻转环流（AMOC）减弱主要在印度洋和大西洋扇区增强了带状DSL信号，从而强化了强迫响应中的纬向非对称性。

14. GRL — Deciphering the Link Between Modeling Errors and the North Atlantic Surface Warming Pattern Projected by CMIP5 and CMIP6 Models

Abstract

Abstract The North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre (NASG) has warmed much less than the global ocean over recent decades, thereby suggesting a human‐caused slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). This North Atlantic “warming hole” is also found in climate projections, yet with a model‐dependent timing, location and intensity. Here we use two generations of global climate models and a Maximum Covariance analysis (MCA) to understand the reasons for this large inter‐model spread. Results suggest a key role of the present‐day Inter‐Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in conditioning the NASG surface warming projected at the end of the twenty‐first century. An original mechanism is proposed that relates the ITCZ mean state to the AMOC response via freshwater fluxes but also a balance between oceanic and atmospheric meridional heat transport. Finally, a related metric allows us to narrow the inter‐model spread in the NASG surface warming more effectively than the observed global warming.

中文摘要

摘要 北大西洋副极地环流（NASG）在近几十年来增暖幅度远小于全球海洋，从而暗示了人为原因导致的大西洋经向翻转环流（AMOC）减缓。这一北大西洋“增暖空洞”同样出现在气候预估中，但其出现时间、位置和强度依赖于模式。本文利用两代全球气候模式以及最大协方差分析（MCA）来理解这种较大的模式间差异的原因。结果表明，现今的热带辐合带（ITCZ）在制约二十一世纪末预估的NASG表面增暖方面发挥了关键作用。本文提出了一种新颖的机制，将ITCZ平均态通过淡水通量与AMOC响应联系起来，同时也涉及海洋与大气经向热输送之间的平衡。最后，一个相关的度量指标使我们能够比观测到的全球增暖更有效地缩小NASG表面增暖的模式间差异。

15. GRL — Responses of Boundary Layer Cloud Structure and Particle Budget to Aerosol Sources During Arctic Marine Cold‐Air Outbreaks

  • 作者：Peng Wu, Mikhail Ovchinnikov, Peter N. Blossey, Adam C. Varble, Jingjing Tian, Heng Xiao, Johannes Mülmenstädt, Jerome Fast
  • 发表日期：2026-09-11
  • DOI：https://doi.org/10.1029/2026gl122104

Abstract

Abstract Marine cold‐air outbreaks (MCAOs) strongly modulate Arctic air‐sea exchange, yet their mixed‐phase clouds remain difficult to represent in Earth system models. We simulate an MCAO case using Lagrangian large‐eddy simulations that couple double‐moment microphysics with prognostic aerosol and ice formation parameterizations. We then apply a self‐supervised machine‐learning approach to objectively quantify how long cloud rolls persist before transitioning to convective cells. The prognostic treatments yield more realistic initial cloud development over a period of hours. Higher ice number concentrations consistently shorten roll persistence through boundary layer (BL) decoupling caused by snow sublimation. Snow accretion is the dominant aerosol sink. Single‐source experiments reveal state‐dependent aerosol transport: bottom‐up supply is effective only while the BL remains coupled, whereas top‐down transport via entrainment mixing remains effective after decoupling. These results emphasize the need for aerosol‐aware, ice‐coupled parameterizations that represent both source pathways and wet removal in MCAOs to accurately predict roll‐to‐cell transitions.

中文摘要

摘要 海洋冷空气爆发（MCAOs）强烈调控着北极的海气交换，然而其混合相云在地球系统模式中仍难以准确表征。我们采用拉格朗日大涡模拟对一次MCAO个例进行了模拟，该模拟将双矩微物理方案与预报型气溶胶及冰形成参数化方案相耦合。随后，我们应用自监督机器学习方法，客观量化了云卷在转变为对流单体之前所持续的时长。预报型处理方案在数小时的时间尺度内产生了更为真实的初始云发展过程。较高的冰数浓度通过雪升华导致的边界层（BL）解耦，持续缩短了云卷的持续时间。雪淞附是主要的气溶胶汇。单源实验揭示了状态依赖的气溶胶输送特征：自下而上的供给仅在边界层保持耦合时有效，而通过夹卷混合实现的自上而下的输送在解耦之后仍然有效。这些结果强调了需要采用气溶胶感知型、冰耦合的参数化方案，以表征MCAOs中的两种气溶胶来源路径及湿清除过程，从而准确预测云卷向对流单体的转变。

16. GRL — More Stabilizing Radiative Feedbacks in CO <sub>2</sub> Removal Scenarios

Abstract

Abstract Recent studies show that global mean surface temperature exhibits a transient hysteresis during removal, where temperatures remain elevated after concentrations return to pre‐industrial levels. This is largely attributed to ocean thermal inertia rather than an irreversible climate response; however, the role of radiative feedbacks remains unclear. Here, using a fully coupled Earth System Model, we find that radiative feedbacks are nearly identical for increase and subsequent removal up to 3 times pre‐industrial concentrations. However, at 4× and higher forcings, feedbacks become more stabilizing during removal. Through a hierarchy of experiments we show that this is driven by low‐level clouds in the North Atlantic, linked to warmer sea‐surface temperatures from an overshoot of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) strength during removal. These results suggest that AMOC‐mediated feedbacks contribute to the transient temperature hysteresis in future removal scenarios by keeping the removal phase warmer.

中文摘要

摘要 近期研究表明，全球平均表面温度在移除过程中表现出瞬态滞后现象，即在浓度恢复至工业化前水平后，温度仍维持偏高状态。这一现象在很大程度上归因于海洋热惯性，而非不可逆的气候响应；然而，辐射反馈的作用仍不明确。本文利用一个全耦合地球系统模式发现，在浓度增至工业化前水平3倍及随后移除的过程中，辐射反馈几乎相同。然而，在4倍及更高强迫水平下，移除期间的反馈变得更加稳定。通过一系列递进实验，我们表明这由北大西洋低层云驱动，其与移除期间大西洋经向翻转环流（AMOC）强度过冲所导致的更暖海表温度相关联。这些结果表明，AMOC介导的反馈通过使移除阶段保持更暖状态，对未来移除情景下的瞬态温度滞后有所贡献。

17. GRL — Significant Imprints of Vertical Resolution on Scale Interactions in the Global Model for Prediction Across Scales

Abstract

Abstract Global kilometer‐scale model simulations have demonstrated clear benefits from refining horizontal resolution in representing mesoscale weather phenomena, yet the role of vertical resolution remains comparatively underexplored. To address this gap, 40‐day experiments with the model for prediction across scales systematically varied both horizontal and vertical grid spacing. Horizontal refinement had minimal impact on kinetic energy (KE) at mesoscale wavelengths, whereas refinements in vertical resolution led to intensified KE transfer between the mesoscales and synoptic scales. This enhanced coupling was spatially connected to Rossby wave‐like features. The results show that vertical resolution impinges on the mesoscale KE spectrum, substantially influencing the kinematics of the mid‐latitude upper‐troposphere, and underscoring the importance of carefully prescribing vertical grid spacing in high‐resolution global models.

中文摘要

全球公里尺度模式模拟已表明，提高水平分辨率在表征中尺度天气现象方面具有明显优势，但垂直分辨率的作用相对而言仍未得到充分探索。为填补这一空白，使用跨尺度预测模式开展了为期40天的试验，系统性地改变了水平和垂直网格间距。水平分辨率的提高对中尺度波长上的动能（KE）影响甚微，而垂直分辨率的提高则导致中尺度与天气尺度之间的动能输送增强。这种增强的耦合在空间上与类Rossby波特征相关联。结果表明，垂直分辨率影响中尺度动能谱，显著影响中纬度对流层上层的运动学特征，并凸显了在高分辨率全球模式中审慎设定垂直网格间距的重要性。

18. GRL — Rapid Global Oxygen Shifts and Delayed OMZ Response: Pulse and Memory of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation

Abstract

Abstract Natural decadal variability often obscures anthropogenic trends in ocean deoxygenation. Using a global observational oxygen reconstruction (1965–2022), we investigate the role of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) in modulating decadal oxygen variability. We show that the global oxygen inventory and upper‐ocean hypoxic boundaries closely track the rate of PDO change, with a coupling dominated by Northern Hemisphere dynamics . This produces rapid hypoxic boundary shifts during PDO transitions via fast upper‐ocean adjustments (isopycnal heave and ventilation). In contrast, deep Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZs) track the time‐integrated PDO state, acting as reservoirs that accumulate ventilation anomalies over decadal timescales, with the strongest signal in the North Indian Ocean. This dual pulse–memory response reveals that surface ecosystems respond to the pace of PDO transitions, whereas the deep ocean retains a persistent imprint of prolonged PDO forcing.

中文摘要

摘要：自然年代际变率常常掩盖了海洋脱氧的人为趋势。本研究利用全球观测氧气重建数据（1965—2022年），探讨了太平洋年代际振荡（PDO）在调控年代际氧气变率中的作用。研究表明，全球氧气库存与上层海洋低氧边界紧密跟随PDO的变化速率，其耦合关系以北半球动力学为主导。这通过上层海洋的快速调整（等密度面升降与通风）在PDO位相转换期间产生低氧边界的快速移动。相比之下，深层氧气最小带（OMZs）则跟随PDO状态的时间积分，充当在年代际时间尺度上累积通风异常的储库，其最强信号出现在北印度洋。这种脉冲—记忆双重响应揭示，表层生态系统响应于PDO转换的速率，而深层海洋则保留了长时间PDO强迫的持续印记。

19. Communications Earth & Environment — Seasonality of fine-scale turbulence in the Mediterranean Sea observed from space

Abstract

Communications Earth & Environment, Published online: 11 September 2026; doi:10.1038/s43247-026-04046-1 Seasonality of fine-scale turbulence in the Mediterranean Sea observed from space

中文摘要

《Communications Earth & Environment》，在线发表：2026年9月11日；doi:10.1038/s43247-026-04046-1 从空间观测到的地中海细尺度湍流的季节性